SPLH 620 EXAMINATION SET 2025 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔CNS cell types - ✔✔neurons (info carriers) and glia (support cells)
✔✔Neuroglia provide - ✔✔-physical support
-nutrient flow
-nerve "housekeeping"
✔✔Astrocytes (CNS) - ✔✔glial cell that provides support, nutrition, and assists with the
signaling of neurons.
✔✔Oligodendroglia (CNS) - ✔✔immune cell; produce myelin for many cells
✔✔Nodes of Ranvier - ✔✔-gaps in the myelin sheath
-causes the impulse to "jump" from node-to-node & travel more quickly
✔✔Microglia - ✔✔The smallest of glial cells; protect the brain from invading
microorganisms
✔✔Schwann cells (PNS) - ✔✔support cells; produce myelin for one neuron
✔✔Myelin - ✔✔80% liquid & 20% protein
✔✔Myelination - ✔✔the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty
substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
✔✔3 types of neurons - ✔✔sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons
✔✔sensory neurons - ✔✔a neuron that detects changes in the environment and sends
this info to CNS
✔✔motor neurons - ✔✔a neuron that controls contraction of a muscle or secretion of
gland
✔✔Interneurons - ✔✔a neuron located entirely within the CNS
✔✔neuron signaling - ✔✔-electrical
-chemical
✔✔Electrical signaling - ✔✔-information flows through neurons
-AP is conducted inside the axon
-the speed of the signal depends on axon diameter & myelination
, ✔✔steps during electrical signaling - ✔✔1. dendrites collect the electrical signal/ site of
most synaptic inputs
2. cell body integrates the incoming signal (from dendrites) & sends a signal to the axon
3. axons conduct the AP & send them toward other neurons
✔✔chemical signaling - ✔✔neurotransmitters bind to chemically gated channel-linked
receptors in nerve and muscle tissue
✔✔chemical synapse - ✔✔a type of synapse at which a chemical (a neurotransmitter) is
released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft, where it binds to receptors on
the next structure (either another neuron or an organ)
✔✔AP - ✔✔-a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
-"all or nothing" event
-large enough ion movement= AP happens
-too small of ion movement= No AP
✔✔resting membrane potential - ✔✔-70mV
✔✔threshold of excitation - ✔✔-55 mV for AP to occur
✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔-membrane potential becomes more positive than resting
potential
-Na+ goes IN
-K+ LEAVES
✔✔Hyperpolarization - ✔✔-membrane potential becomes more negative than resting
potential... less than -70mV
✔✔absolute period (action potential) - ✔✔AP cant be generated during the absolute
refractory period
-roughly 1 msec
✔✔relative - ✔✔an AP can be generated
✔✔2 factors determine conduction velocity - ✔✔-myelin
-diameter of the axon
✔✔fastest/ slowest - ✔✔120 m/sec (myelinated)
1m/sec (unmyelinated)
✔✔Lecture 3 - ✔✔starts here
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔CNS cell types - ✔✔neurons (info carriers) and glia (support cells)
✔✔Neuroglia provide - ✔✔-physical support
-nutrient flow
-nerve "housekeeping"
✔✔Astrocytes (CNS) - ✔✔glial cell that provides support, nutrition, and assists with the
signaling of neurons.
✔✔Oligodendroglia (CNS) - ✔✔immune cell; produce myelin for many cells
✔✔Nodes of Ranvier - ✔✔-gaps in the myelin sheath
-causes the impulse to "jump" from node-to-node & travel more quickly
✔✔Microglia - ✔✔The smallest of glial cells; protect the brain from invading
microorganisms
✔✔Schwann cells (PNS) - ✔✔support cells; produce myelin for one neuron
✔✔Myelin - ✔✔80% liquid & 20% protein
✔✔Myelination - ✔✔the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty
substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
✔✔3 types of neurons - ✔✔sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons
✔✔sensory neurons - ✔✔a neuron that detects changes in the environment and sends
this info to CNS
✔✔motor neurons - ✔✔a neuron that controls contraction of a muscle or secretion of
gland
✔✔Interneurons - ✔✔a neuron located entirely within the CNS
✔✔neuron signaling - ✔✔-electrical
-chemical
✔✔Electrical signaling - ✔✔-information flows through neurons
-AP is conducted inside the axon
-the speed of the signal depends on axon diameter & myelination
, ✔✔steps during electrical signaling - ✔✔1. dendrites collect the electrical signal/ site of
most synaptic inputs
2. cell body integrates the incoming signal (from dendrites) & sends a signal to the axon
3. axons conduct the AP & send them toward other neurons
✔✔chemical signaling - ✔✔neurotransmitters bind to chemically gated channel-linked
receptors in nerve and muscle tissue
✔✔chemical synapse - ✔✔a type of synapse at which a chemical (a neurotransmitter) is
released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft, where it binds to receptors on
the next structure (either another neuron or an organ)
✔✔AP - ✔✔-a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
-"all or nothing" event
-large enough ion movement= AP happens
-too small of ion movement= No AP
✔✔resting membrane potential - ✔✔-70mV
✔✔threshold of excitation - ✔✔-55 mV for AP to occur
✔✔Depolarization - ✔✔-membrane potential becomes more positive than resting
potential
-Na+ goes IN
-K+ LEAVES
✔✔Hyperpolarization - ✔✔-membrane potential becomes more negative than resting
potential... less than -70mV
✔✔absolute period (action potential) - ✔✔AP cant be generated during the absolute
refractory period
-roughly 1 msec
✔✔relative - ✔✔an AP can be generated
✔✔2 factors determine conduction velocity - ✔✔-myelin
-diameter of the axon
✔✔fastest/ slowest - ✔✔120 m/sec (myelinated)
1m/sec (unmyelinated)
✔✔Lecture 3 - ✔✔starts here
