SPLH 620 STUDY GUIDE 2025 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
RATED A+
✔✔What are the somatic motor cranial nerves? - ✔✔III
IV
VI
XII
✔✔What are the visceral motor cranial nerves? - ✔✔III
VII
IX
X
✔✔What are the special motor cranial nerves? - ✔✔V
VII
IX
X
XI
✔✔Describe the UMN and LMN interaction for motor movement to the body - ✔✔UMN:
motor cortex to anterior horn of spinal cord via corticospinal tract
LMN: anterior horn to muscle fibers via spinal nerves
✔✔Describe the UMN and LMN interaction for motor movement to the face - ✔✔UMN:
motor cortex to brainstem CN nuclei via corticobulbar tract
LMN: CN nuclei to muscles via cranial nerves
✔✔We know that most motor connections in the corticobulbar tract are bilateral —
which ones are contralateral? - ✔✔- CN VII for lower face
- CN XII for genioglossus muscle
✔✔Which motor cranial nerves are involved in speech? - ✔✔V: jaw movement
VII: upper face and lower face
IX: pharynx
X: larynx, pharynx, esophagus
XI: neck and shoulders (posture and breath support)
XII: tongue
✔✔What does the extrapyramidal system consist of? - ✔✔Basal ganglia and cerebellum
✔✔Basal ganglia function - ✔✔receives direct input from frontal lobe, facilitates motor
movements, inhibits unneeded movements
✔✔Basal ganglia direct pathway structures - ✔✔cortex -> striatum (exc)
striatum -> GPi and SNr (inh)
, GPi and SNr -> thalamus (inh)
thalamus -> cortex (exc)
✔✔What is the cumulative effect of the basal ganglia's direct pathway? - ✔✔Excitatory,
facilitating movement; dopamine from the pars compacta excites this pathway.
✔✔Basal ganglia indirect pathway structures - ✔✔cortex -> striatum (exc)
striatum -> GPe (inh)
GPe -> subthalamic nucleus (inh)
subthalamic nucleus -> GPi (excitatory)
GPi -> thalamus (inhibitory)
✔✔What is the cumulative effect of the basal ganglia's indirect pathway? - ✔✔Inhibitory,
suppressing movement; dopamine from the pars compacta inhibits the indirect pathway.
✔✔Which disorder is characterized by a lack of dopamine due to damage to the direct
pathway? - ✔✔Parkinson's disease
✔✔Which disorder is characterized by an abundance of dopamine due to damage to
the indirect pathway? - ✔✔Huntington's disease
✔✔Cerebellum function - ✔✔- indirect motor control (coordination, precision, accurate
timing)
- processing of sensory information and integrating these inputs to fine tuning motor
activity
- motor learning
✔✔Which cranial nerves are used for ocular muscle control? - ✔✔Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)
✔✔Which cranial nerve is used for tongue movement? - ✔✔Hypoglossal (XII)
✔✔Which cranial nerve is used for facial muscles? - ✔✔Facial (VII)
✔✔Which cranial nerve is used for jaw movement? - ✔✔Trigeminal (V)
✔✔Process of speech production (5 steps) - ✔✔1. conceptualization (prefrontal cortex)
2. linguistic planning (Broca's area)
3. motor planning/programming (premotor/supplementary motor areas)
4. motor execution (primary motor cortex, basal ganglia)
5. sensory feedback (auditory cortex, thalamus, primary sensory cortex)
RATED A+
✔✔What are the somatic motor cranial nerves? - ✔✔III
IV
VI
XII
✔✔What are the visceral motor cranial nerves? - ✔✔III
VII
IX
X
✔✔What are the special motor cranial nerves? - ✔✔V
VII
IX
X
XI
✔✔Describe the UMN and LMN interaction for motor movement to the body - ✔✔UMN:
motor cortex to anterior horn of spinal cord via corticospinal tract
LMN: anterior horn to muscle fibers via spinal nerves
✔✔Describe the UMN and LMN interaction for motor movement to the face - ✔✔UMN:
motor cortex to brainstem CN nuclei via corticobulbar tract
LMN: CN nuclei to muscles via cranial nerves
✔✔We know that most motor connections in the corticobulbar tract are bilateral —
which ones are contralateral? - ✔✔- CN VII for lower face
- CN XII for genioglossus muscle
✔✔Which motor cranial nerves are involved in speech? - ✔✔V: jaw movement
VII: upper face and lower face
IX: pharynx
X: larynx, pharynx, esophagus
XI: neck and shoulders (posture and breath support)
XII: tongue
✔✔What does the extrapyramidal system consist of? - ✔✔Basal ganglia and cerebellum
✔✔Basal ganglia function - ✔✔receives direct input from frontal lobe, facilitates motor
movements, inhibits unneeded movements
✔✔Basal ganglia direct pathway structures - ✔✔cortex -> striatum (exc)
striatum -> GPi and SNr (inh)
, GPi and SNr -> thalamus (inh)
thalamus -> cortex (exc)
✔✔What is the cumulative effect of the basal ganglia's direct pathway? - ✔✔Excitatory,
facilitating movement; dopamine from the pars compacta excites this pathway.
✔✔Basal ganglia indirect pathway structures - ✔✔cortex -> striatum (exc)
striatum -> GPe (inh)
GPe -> subthalamic nucleus (inh)
subthalamic nucleus -> GPi (excitatory)
GPi -> thalamus (inhibitory)
✔✔What is the cumulative effect of the basal ganglia's indirect pathway? - ✔✔Inhibitory,
suppressing movement; dopamine from the pars compacta inhibits the indirect pathway.
✔✔Which disorder is characterized by a lack of dopamine due to damage to the direct
pathway? - ✔✔Parkinson's disease
✔✔Which disorder is characterized by an abundance of dopamine due to damage to
the indirect pathway? - ✔✔Huntington's disease
✔✔Cerebellum function - ✔✔- indirect motor control (coordination, precision, accurate
timing)
- processing of sensory information and integrating these inputs to fine tuning motor
activity
- motor learning
✔✔Which cranial nerves are used for ocular muscle control? - ✔✔Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)
✔✔Which cranial nerve is used for tongue movement? - ✔✔Hypoglossal (XII)
✔✔Which cranial nerve is used for facial muscles? - ✔✔Facial (VII)
✔✔Which cranial nerve is used for jaw movement? - ✔✔Trigeminal (V)
✔✔Process of speech production (5 steps) - ✔✔1. conceptualization (prefrontal cortex)
2. linguistic planning (Broca's area)
3. motor planning/programming (premotor/supplementary motor areas)
4. motor execution (primary motor cortex, basal ganglia)
5. sensory feedback (auditory cortex, thalamus, primary sensory cortex)
