MICRO 3050 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED

MICRO 3050 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED Leave the first rating Terms in this set (372) temperate phages phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles virulent phages kills host after infection (lytic) -begins multiplying immediately beyond entry to host cell Bacteriophage A virus that infects bacteria - very diverse and structurally complex -contain dsDNA genomes and are naked eclipse phase -while the virus is entering, uncoating, and synthesis -replication of viral genome and transcription and translation of viral proteins one-step growth cycle -attachment -eclipse -biosynthesis & maturation: virus put together -phage particles released by lysis Viral Multiplication 1. recognition and attachment 2. entry 3. uncoating 4. synthesis 5. assembly 6. release viral envelope outer, flexible, membranous layer that is host derived -spikes or peplomers function to attach and enzymatic activity Retroviruses -use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA -central dogma (DNA, ssRNA, proteins) -example: HIV (reverse transcription) viral genomes may be composed of DNA or RNA and may be ss/ds, -complex (linear, circular, or segmented) + sense ssRNA virus genome and mRNA are the same - sense ssRNA virus genome and mRNA are compliments structure of viruses contain nucleocapsid that has nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) in the middle and a protein coat or capsid to protect nucleic acid put in order from smallest to largest protomers -- capsomers -- capsid complex capsid -Found in Bacteriophages -Viruses that infect bacteria Shape is not symmetrical Contain tail fibers and capsid head -can either be vaccinia or T4 t4 type of complex symmetry where the virus is NEITHER helical or icosohedral -binal symmetry vaccinia type of complex symmetry where the virus is BOTH helical and icosohedral capsomers protein subunits (protomoers) that make up the capsid icosahedral capsid -these capsids of repeating capsomers form an icosahedron, a 3d, 20 sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners -the best shape bc the most organized helical capsid continuous helix of protomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid enveloped virus virus that contains additional layers around the nucleocapsid naked virus virus without an envelope Capsid Outer protein coat of a virus made of capsomers made of promoters Virion -the complete virus particle (NA surrounded by protein coat) -a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell viruses Acellular Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Are replicated only when they are in a living host cell Synbiotics Combinations of prebiotics and probiotics designed to support health Prebiotics nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestine, lower BP and cholesterol and can help break down lactose -fiber source Probiotics live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect -ex Lactobacillus problems with probiotics -not regulated by the FDA, difficult to test strain effectiveness bc of strain differences fermentation in food - used for food preservation - may involve a succession of microbes - a self-limiting process - changes the flavor, texture, and odor of the food examples of fermented foods milk, dairy, meat, vegetables, yeast, chocolate Heterofermentative produce ethanol and carbon dioxide, as well as lactic acid Homofermentative producing only lactic acid from the fermentation of glucose Toxoplasma gondii -Protozoan resulting in toxoplasmosis -asymptomatic in healthy adults; severe congenital defects if passed to fetus in vivo -acquired through ingestion of cat feces and undercover meat protists number that can be found in food and water -more of a problem with water contamination than food -ex: toxoplasma gondii