PATH30001 MST 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS
1) What is asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ - Chronic inflammation of airways,
also episodic bronchoconstriction
2) What type of immunological reaction is asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ -
IgE-mediated Type I hypersensitivity reaction
3) Describe the aetiology of atopic asthma, e.g. the cellular processes
that occur after pollen enters your system -- Answer ✔✔ - Allergen
stimulates Th2/Bcell response
- IgM antibodies switch to IgE
- IgE antibodies bind mast cell
- Mast cell binds allergen and release mediators which cause
damage
4) What mediators can be released by a mast cell? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Histamine, Proteases, Chemotactic factors
- Arachidonic acid metabolites: Prostaglandin D2, Leukotrienes
B4,C4,D4
,5) What can results from the mediators a mast cell releases? --
Answer ✔✔ - Vasodilation, smooth muscle spasm, leukocyte
infiltration
6) What cytokines do Th2 cells release during asthma attacks? --
Answer ✔✔ - IL-4: Activation of B cells
- IL-5: Activation of recruited eosinophilic cells
- IL-13: Stimulate mucus production
7) How would the airway of a person with asthma differ to a normal
airway? -- Answer ✔✔ - Thickened basement membrane
- Increased mucus
- Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
8) What are some susceptibility genes for asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ -
IL3,4,5,9,13,14,
- B2-adrenergic receptor
- ADAM033: metalloprotease involved in bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
9) How do we treat asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ - Inhalation of B2 agonist,
causes smooth muscle relaxation via signaling pathway
- Long term: Corticosteroid: Inhibits T-cell activation
10) How do B2 agonists cause smooth muscle relaxation? -- Answer
✔✔ - Cause activation of adenylcyclase, which converts ATP to
cAMP
,11) What are histone deacetylase inhibitors used for? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Help with asthma apparently
- Act on both histone and non-histone proteins
12) What three signal transduction pathways are associated with
RTK's? -- Answer ✔✔ - PI3 Kinase
- MAP-kinase pathway
- IP3 Pathway
13) What are the two important growth factors we study? -- Answer
✔✔ - Hepatocyte GF: Causes proliferation of epithelial cells, eg. for
regeneration of liver, lung etc., also causes cell migration during
embryogenesis
- Vascular Endothelial GF: Causes proliferation of endothelial
cells, essential for blood vessel formation, binds receptor on
endothelial cells
14) (Both are found in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, HGF is found
in non-parenchymal liver cells)
15) What makes up the interstitial matrix of ECM? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Collagens, fibronectin, elastin, proteoglycans, hyaluronate
16) What makes up the basement membrane of ECM? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Type IV collagen, laminin
17) What does generalised wound healing into a scar involve? --
Answer ✔✔ - Damage to tissue
, - Depositing of granulation tissue (non-functional tissue made
of fibroblasts and connective tissue)
- Eventually becomes ECM via fibrosis
18) What enzyme can breakdown a scar? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Metalloproteinases, which degrade ECM
19) Describe the process of liver regeneration -- Answer ✔✔ - Kupffer
cells secrete IL-6 to activate labile cells
- Epithelial cells are stimulated by HGF and TGF-alpha to
proliferate
20) What type of collagen would you find early on in a wound, what
about towards the end? -- Answer ✔✔ - Collagen III then Collagen I
21) What is the function of myofibroblasts -- Answer ✔✔ - Contract
wound
22) Give 4 Factors that allow helicobacter pylori to survive in the
stomach -- Answer ✔✔ - High mutation rate
- BabA ahesin: Allows adhesion to gastric epithelial cells
- VacA vacuolating cytotoxin: Forms pore in host cells to allow
scavenging of urea from host cells
- CagA (Cytotoxin associated gene A): Circular piece of DNA
that carries pathogenicity island,
- Island codes for apparatus that can create pores in host cells,
point is to modulate immune system, also triggers
proliferation of epithelial cells
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS
1) What is asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ - Chronic inflammation of airways,
also episodic bronchoconstriction
2) What type of immunological reaction is asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ -
IgE-mediated Type I hypersensitivity reaction
3) Describe the aetiology of atopic asthma, e.g. the cellular processes
that occur after pollen enters your system -- Answer ✔✔ - Allergen
stimulates Th2/Bcell response
- IgM antibodies switch to IgE
- IgE antibodies bind mast cell
- Mast cell binds allergen and release mediators which cause
damage
4) What mediators can be released by a mast cell? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Histamine, Proteases, Chemotactic factors
- Arachidonic acid metabolites: Prostaglandin D2, Leukotrienes
B4,C4,D4
,5) What can results from the mediators a mast cell releases? --
Answer ✔✔ - Vasodilation, smooth muscle spasm, leukocyte
infiltration
6) What cytokines do Th2 cells release during asthma attacks? --
Answer ✔✔ - IL-4: Activation of B cells
- IL-5: Activation of recruited eosinophilic cells
- IL-13: Stimulate mucus production
7) How would the airway of a person with asthma differ to a normal
airway? -- Answer ✔✔ - Thickened basement membrane
- Increased mucus
- Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
8) What are some susceptibility genes for asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ -
IL3,4,5,9,13,14,
- B2-adrenergic receptor
- ADAM033: metalloprotease involved in bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
9) How do we treat asthma? -- Answer ✔✔ - Inhalation of B2 agonist,
causes smooth muscle relaxation via signaling pathway
- Long term: Corticosteroid: Inhibits T-cell activation
10) How do B2 agonists cause smooth muscle relaxation? -- Answer
✔✔ - Cause activation of adenylcyclase, which converts ATP to
cAMP
,11) What are histone deacetylase inhibitors used for? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Help with asthma apparently
- Act on both histone and non-histone proteins
12) What three signal transduction pathways are associated with
RTK's? -- Answer ✔✔ - PI3 Kinase
- MAP-kinase pathway
- IP3 Pathway
13) What are the two important growth factors we study? -- Answer
✔✔ - Hepatocyte GF: Causes proliferation of epithelial cells, eg. for
regeneration of liver, lung etc., also causes cell migration during
embryogenesis
- Vascular Endothelial GF: Causes proliferation of endothelial
cells, essential for blood vessel formation, binds receptor on
endothelial cells
14) (Both are found in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, HGF is found
in non-parenchymal liver cells)
15) What makes up the interstitial matrix of ECM? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Collagens, fibronectin, elastin, proteoglycans, hyaluronate
16) What makes up the basement membrane of ECM? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Type IV collagen, laminin
17) What does generalised wound healing into a scar involve? --
Answer ✔✔ - Damage to tissue
, - Depositing of granulation tissue (non-functional tissue made
of fibroblasts and connective tissue)
- Eventually becomes ECM via fibrosis
18) What enzyme can breakdown a scar? -- Answer ✔✔ -
Metalloproteinases, which degrade ECM
19) Describe the process of liver regeneration -- Answer ✔✔ - Kupffer
cells secrete IL-6 to activate labile cells
- Epithelial cells are stimulated by HGF and TGF-alpha to
proliferate
20) What type of collagen would you find early on in a wound, what
about towards the end? -- Answer ✔✔ - Collagen III then Collagen I
21) What is the function of myofibroblasts -- Answer ✔✔ - Contract
wound
22) Give 4 Factors that allow helicobacter pylori to survive in the
stomach -- Answer ✔✔ - High mutation rate
- BabA ahesin: Allows adhesion to gastric epithelial cells
- VacA vacuolating cytotoxin: Forms pore in host cells to allow
scavenging of urea from host cells
- CagA (Cytotoxin associated gene A): Circular piece of DNA
that carries pathogenicity island,
- Island codes for apparatus that can create pores in host cells,
point is to modulate immune system, also triggers
proliferation of epithelial cells
