NRSG265 2025/2026 Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers | Latest
Update
Cause of T1DM - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔results from beta cell destruction leading
to severe or absolute insulin deficiency and chronic hyperglycaemia
2 types:
Idiopathic -beta cell destruction in the absence of autoimmune response
Non-immune mediated diabetes -secondary to other conditions -
pancreatitis
Pathophysiology T1DM - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Destruction of beta cells leads to
very little/ no insulin production
GLUT-4s are not activated and glucose cannot be taken up by cells
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Glucose continues to be released by liver - insulin is not available to
regulate this release. Increased production of glucagon --> continued
glucose not being taken up by the cells --> hyperglycaemia
T1DM Clinical Manifestations - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The 3 P's (polydipsia,
polyuria, and polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss, N & V abdominal pain,
confusion, weakness, tachycardia, ketonic breath, tachycardia,
tachypnoea, metabolic acidosis, seizures, coma
T1DM acute complications - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔hypoglycaemia, DKA
T1DM management - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Insulin, BGL monitoring, meal
planning, annual health checks, exercise plan
T2DM causes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔caused by insulin resistance at target
tissues and a relative insulin deficiency
T2DM risk factors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔genetic factors and family history,
overweight and obese, hx of gestational diabetes
T2DM pathophysiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased beta cell
responsiveness to increased glucose levels, decreased insulin production,
increased insulin resistance at the cell (reduction in number of binding
sites, decreased in the amount of insulin biding to the receptors)
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,T2DM signs and symptoms - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔3 P's (polyphagia, polyuria,
polydipsia), fatigues, hyperglycaemia, repeated infections, poor wound
healing, blurred vision, weight changes
T2DM acute complications - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hyperglycaemia, HHS
T2DM management - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Healthy diet, Exercise, close BGL
monitoring, possible need for oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin
Biguanides (Metformin) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased hepatic release of
glucose, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, improves insulin
sensitivity by increasing peripheral uptake of glucose --> reduced BGL
Sulphonylureas (gliceride) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔stimulates insulin secretion
from the beta cells --> hypoglycaemia
T1DM pathophysiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔genetic predisposition
immune response against beta cells
beta cell destructions
lack of insulin
GLUT-4s are not activated
glucose unable to be taken up
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Hyperglycaemia
interventions for DKA and HHS - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Fluid resus, reverse
hyperglycaemia, correct acid base & electrolyte balance, cardiac
monitoring, 1/24 obs
Recurrent infections with diabetes causes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Neuropathy,
impaired vision, high glucose environment
HbA1C - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔assess long term control of diabetes, forms
irreversibly from glucose and haemoglobin
measures the average blood glucose throughout the life span
Coronary heart disease/coronary artery disease (CAD) - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Blood vessel disorder that is included in the general category of
atherosclerosis
can be asymptomatic or develop as chronic/stable angina
Myocardial Ischaemia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔imbalance between oxygen supply
and demand. Vasoconstriction (atherosclerosis is a common cause) -->
anaerobic respiration forms lactic acid --> cells viable for 20mins --> cell
death --> inflammation, granulation tissue formation and scarring -->
Thrombus
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
with 100% Correct Answers | Latest
Update
Cause of T1DM - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔results from beta cell destruction leading
to severe or absolute insulin deficiency and chronic hyperglycaemia
2 types:
Idiopathic -beta cell destruction in the absence of autoimmune response
Non-immune mediated diabetes -secondary to other conditions -
pancreatitis
Pathophysiology T1DM - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Destruction of beta cells leads to
very little/ no insulin production
GLUT-4s are not activated and glucose cannot be taken up by cells
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Glucose continues to be released by liver - insulin is not available to
regulate this release. Increased production of glucagon --> continued
glucose not being taken up by the cells --> hyperglycaemia
T1DM Clinical Manifestations - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The 3 P's (polydipsia,
polyuria, and polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss, N & V abdominal pain,
confusion, weakness, tachycardia, ketonic breath, tachycardia,
tachypnoea, metabolic acidosis, seizures, coma
T1DM acute complications - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔hypoglycaemia, DKA
T1DM management - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Insulin, BGL monitoring, meal
planning, annual health checks, exercise plan
T2DM causes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔caused by insulin resistance at target
tissues and a relative insulin deficiency
T2DM risk factors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔genetic factors and family history,
overweight and obese, hx of gestational diabetes
T2DM pathophysiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased beta cell
responsiveness to increased glucose levels, decreased insulin production,
increased insulin resistance at the cell (reduction in number of binding
sites, decreased in the amount of insulin biding to the receptors)
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,T2DM signs and symptoms - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔3 P's (polyphagia, polyuria,
polydipsia), fatigues, hyperglycaemia, repeated infections, poor wound
healing, blurred vision, weight changes
T2DM acute complications - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hyperglycaemia, HHS
T2DM management - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Healthy diet, Exercise, close BGL
monitoring, possible need for oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin
Biguanides (Metformin) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decreased hepatic release of
glucose, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, improves insulin
sensitivity by increasing peripheral uptake of glucose --> reduced BGL
Sulphonylureas (gliceride) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔stimulates insulin secretion
from the beta cells --> hypoglycaemia
T1DM pathophysiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔genetic predisposition
immune response against beta cells
beta cell destructions
lack of insulin
GLUT-4s are not activated
glucose unable to be taken up
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Hyperglycaemia
interventions for DKA and HHS - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Fluid resus, reverse
hyperglycaemia, correct acid base & electrolyte balance, cardiac
monitoring, 1/24 obs
Recurrent infections with diabetes causes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Neuropathy,
impaired vision, high glucose environment
HbA1C - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔assess long term control of diabetes, forms
irreversibly from glucose and haemoglobin
measures the average blood glucose throughout the life span
Coronary heart disease/coronary artery disease (CAD) - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Blood vessel disorder that is included in the general category of
atherosclerosis
can be asymptomatic or develop as chronic/stable angina
Myocardial Ischaemia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔imbalance between oxygen supply
and demand. Vasoconstriction (atherosclerosis is a common cause) -->
anaerobic respiration forms lactic acid --> cells viable for 20mins --> cell
death --> inflammation, granulation tissue formation and scarring -->
Thrombus
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
