NURSG 546 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

NURSG 546 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS


Where is majority of body water located? - ANSWER: intracellularly
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Define interstitial fluid - ANSWER: fluid between cells
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What is one liter of water in kilograms? - ANSWER: 1 kg (2.2 lbs)
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What is the normal serum value for phosphate? - ANSWER: 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
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What is the normal serum value for sodium? - ANSWER: 135-145 mEq/L
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What is the normal serum value for potassium? - ANSWER: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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What is the normal serum value for magnesium? - ANSWER: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
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What is the normal serum value for calcium? - ANSWER: 9-11 mg/dL
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What is a hypotonic solution? - ANSWER: when the solute concentration is lower
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outside the cell, the cell will swell
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What is a hypertonic solution? - ANSWER: Solute concentration is greater than that
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inside the cell; cell loses water
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What causes edema? - ANSWER: fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid
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What is second spacing? - ANSWER: abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
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(edema)
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What is third spacing? - ANSWER: fluid accumulates in a nonfunctional area between
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cells and it is difficult for it to move back into cells or blood vessels
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What is the function of aldosterone? - ANSWER: It increases Na+ reabsorption and
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K+ secretion
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What are the functions of ANP and BNP? - ANSWER: they are natural antagonists to
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aldosterone and hormones made by cardiomyoctes, so when atrial pressure is too
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high they allow for excretion of sodium and water
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, What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? - ANSWER: restlessness,
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agitation, lethargy, coma, intense thirst, dry swollen tongue, postural hypotension,
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weight loss, increased pulse, weakness, muscle cramps
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What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? - ANSWER: irritability,
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confusion, dizziness, tremors, seizures, coma, postural hypotension, increased pulse,
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vomiting
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How is hypernatremia treated? - ANSWER: IV fluids - hypotonic, isotonic
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What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER: tall peaked T
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waves, confusion, tetany, muscle cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, weakness,
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abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
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What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? - ANSWER: Kayexalate (potassium binder),
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diuretics, dialysis, IV insulin, IV calcium
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? - ANSWER: fatigue, muscle
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weakness, decreased reflexes, shallow respirations, weak pulse, flattened T wave,
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paralytic ileus, hyperglycemia
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Why is potassium not given IV push or bolus? - ANSWER: because potassium is
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irritating to the veins and can cause cardiac arrest
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia? - ANSWER: bone pain,
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fractures, lethargy, hallucinations, seizures, coma, cardiac dysrhythmias
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With what electrolyte value would you see a positive Trousseau and/or Chvostek
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sign? - ANSWER: hypocalcemia
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia? - ANSWER: -positive
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Trousseau sign
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-positive Chvostek sign gg gg



-hyperreflexias
-tetany
-seizures

What is ideal replacement for those with a fluid volume deficit? - ANSWER: isotonic
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solution
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What is ideal for treatment of hyponatremia and trauma to the head? - ANSWER:
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hypertonic solutions
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What is the most common cause of hepatitis? - ANSWER: viruses
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