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Quiz
, GENERAL ENGLISH
NOUNS dish dishes wish wishes
box boxes hoax hoaxes
Kinds of Nouns: fax faxes six sixes
Common Nouns – They are names of people (e.g. fox foxes tax taxes
man), things (e.g. books), animals (e.g. monkey) and By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in –o.
places (church). buffalo buffaloes potato potatoes
Proper Nouns – They are special names of people cargo cargoes mosquito mosquitoes
(e.g. George ), things (e.g. Financial Times), animals echo echoes tomato tomatoes
(e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g. Paris). A proper By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –o.
noun begins with a Capital Letter. banjo banjos patio patios
Abstract Nouns – An abstract noun is the name of bamboo bamboos photo photos
something that we can only think of or feel but can- radio radios video videos
not see (e.g. friendship). By replacing ‘y’ with –ies.
Collective Nouns – They are names used for a num- baby babies lorry lorries
ber of people, things or animals together and treated fly flies navy navies
as one. For example: a group of friends, a bunch of hobby hobbies puppy puppies
bananas, a litter of puppies. By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –y.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns – Countable boy boys key keys
nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g. trees). day days toy toys
Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be donkey donkeys turkey turkeys
counted. (e.g. smoke). By replacing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ with –ves.
Nouns have four genders: calf calves loaf loaves
1. Masculine Gender – The masculine gender is half halves self selves
used for all males. Example: boy, man
life lives wife wives
2. Feminine Gender – The feminine gender is used
By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –f or –fe.
for all females. Example: girl, woman
chief chiefs hoof hoofs
3. Common Gender – The common gender is used
dwarf dwarfs reef reef
where the noun can be both male and female.
gulf gulfs roof roofs
Example: cousin, friend, person, child, student
By changing vowels.
4. Neuter Gender – The neuter gender is used for
foot feet louse lice
things which have no life or sex.
goose geese tooth teeth
Example: table, chair.
mouse mice woman women
Singular and Plural Nouns – A noun that shows only
Some nouns have same words for plural and singu-
one person (e.g. a girl), thing (e.g. pencil), animal
lar.
(e.g. tiger) or place (e.g. market) is called a singular
aircraft aircraft music music
noun.
crossroads crossroads series series
A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls),
furniture furniture sheep sheep
thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g. tigers) or place (e.g.
Exceptional plural.
markets) is called a plural noun.
child children ox oxen
Plural nouns are formed. crisis crises passer-by passers-by
By adding –s. ‘es’ to nouns ending in –ch, –s, –sh and mouse mice radius radii
–x.
beach beaches peach peaches
branch branches speech speeches
ditch ditches watch watches
boss bosses glass glasses
bus buses lens lenses
chorus choruses pass passes
brush brushes fish fishes
bush bushes lash lashes
, PRONOUNS Exercise
Fill in the blanks with ‘which, ‘who’, ‘whom’ and
A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It ‘whose’.
refers to a person or thing without giving the name. 1. The boy, _____ father is a doctor, is my best friend.
There are two types of Personal Pronouns: 2. This is not something _____ we like to do.
(1) those used as subjects; and 3. That man, _____ left leg was amputated, suffers from
(2) those used as objects. diabetes.
Personal Pronouns 4. The thief, _____ they caught, was sent to the prison.
Singular Plural 5. Our friends, _____ we invited to the party, arrived
Subject Object Subject Object rather early.
Ist Person I Me We Us 6. The girl, _____ broke the mirror, was scolded by her
IInd Person You You You You mother.
IIIrd Person He Him They Them 7. That is my uncle, _____ car was stolen.
She Her They Them 8. That woman, _____ you saw, was my auntie.
It It They Them 9. Kangaroos, _____ use their pouch to carry their ba-
bies, are found in Australia.
Reflexive Pronouns 10. The policeman, ______ caught the thief, is a very
We use the Reflexive Pronoun when the action of the brave man.
doer goes back to himself so that the Subject of the Answer
sentence is the same person as the object. 1.whose 2.which 3.whose 4.whom 5.whom 6.who
Example: He has hurt himself. 7.whose 8.whom 9.which 10.who
Pronouns like ‘himself’ are called Reflexive Pronouns.
They always end in ‘self ‘.
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular Plural
Ist Person Myself Ourselves
Ist Person Yourself Yourselves
Third Person Himself Themselves
Herself Themselves
Itself Themselves
Relative Pronouns
The Relative Pronouns take the place of Nouns or Pro-
nouns; and they are used to join two sentences about
the same person or thing.
Examples of relative pronouns: who, which, that, whom
and whose.
In most cases, we use who, whose and whom to make
statements about people.
¨ We use who to join two sentences.
Example: “The man is an artist. He drew that picture.”
“The man is an artist who drew that picture.”
¨ We use whose to show possession or rela-
tionship.
Example: “That is my uncle whose son is my cousin.”
We use which or that in almost the same way as we
use who but it refers to things, not human beings. There
is one other difference in the way we use who and
which.
After who we put a verb. After which we can put a
verb, a pronoun or a noun.
Example: That is the camera which costs fifty dollars.
That is the camera which he bought. That is the cam-
era which John likes.
¨ We use whom to make a statement about human be-
ings. It is used in place of who (a) when it is the object
of a verb or (b) when it comes after a preposition.
Example: (a) The man whom they caught was sent to
prison. (b) The man to whom you should speak is my
uncle.
, Transitive and intransitive verbs
The verb which needs an object to make its meaning
VERB clear or complete is called a transitive verb.
Verbs are words that show action. Every sentence Example: He feeds a cat.
must have a verb. A verb is not always one word. It The word ‘cat’ is called the object of the verb ‘feeds’.
may be made up of more than one word. The object can be a noun or a pronoun.
The intransitive verb does not need an object but the
Auxiliary verbs meaning is clear or complete.
The words: am, is, are, was, and were are verbs. They Example:
are forms of the verb ‘to be’. They are helping verbs He ran.
called auxiliary verbs. The verb ‘ran’ does not need an object.
If the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must She reads every day. (No object)
be singular. If the subject of a sentence is plural, the He eats quickly. (No object)
verb must be plural. The verb must agree with the The Finite verb
subject in number. The finite verb changes with the subject. The subject
Examples of ‘subjects’ and ‘verbs’ being singular: is the person, thing, animal or place we refer to. When
The man is sleeping. the subject is in the first or second person or is plural,
She goes to the market. the verb does not change. When the subject is in the
The student does his homework every day. third person or is singular, the verb changes from,
The train has arrived. say, ‘eat’ to ‘eats’. The verb ‘eat’ is a finite verb.
‘Man’, ‘she’, ‘student’ and ‘train’ are known as Every sentence must have a finite verb.
subjects.The subjects are all singular.The verbs ‘is’, Other usage of verbs to remember:
‘goes’, ‘does’ and ‘has’ are all singular too. 1. When “and” is used to join two nouns or pronouns
Examples of ‘subjects’ and ‘verbs’ being plural: together, the verb is usually in the plural.
The men are sleeping. Examples: Beef and mutton are meat.
They go to the market. He and I were classmates.
The students do their homework every day. 2. When we use two nouns for the same person or
The trains have arrived. thing, the verb should be in the singular.
‘Men’, ‘they’, ‘students’ and ‘trains’ are known as
subjects. The subjects are all plural. The verbs ‘are’, Examples: My friend and classmate is very
‘go’, ‘do’ and ‘have’ are all plural too. helpful.
Other singular and plural subjects that take on singu- Bread and butter is his only food.
lar and plural verbs: 3. When we use two nouns for the same person, we
Subjects with words like ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘any’, ‘no’, use the article ‘the’ only once and the verb should
‘none’ and ‘nobody’ take on the singular verbs. be in the singular.
Examples: Each student is given a pen. Example: The shopkeeper and owner of the shop
Every child is happy watching the show. is my uncle.
Nobody is allowed to walk on the grass. 4. When we refer to two different persons, we use the
Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs. article twice and the verb must be in the plural.
Examples: Rice is eaten in many countries. Example: The shopkeeper and the owner of the
There is oil on the floor. shop are my good friends.
Salt is added to make the food taste bet- 5. When we join two nouns and treat them as a whole,
ter. the verb is in the singular.
Subjects with words like ‘both’, ‘all’, ‘many’, ‘some’, Example: Bread and butter is his usual breakfast.
‘several’ and ‘a number of’ take on a plural verb. 6. When a noun is a quantity or an amount, it is treated
Examples: Both of you have to come home early. as a whole and the verb is in the singular.
All of us want to be happy. Examples:Ten kilometers is not a long way to
Some of my friends are female. travel. Nowadays, fifty dollars is not a lot
Two or more subjects joined by ‘and’ always take a of
plural verb. money.
Examples: A verb is used in different forms as follow:
My brother and his friends like to play Simple Present Tense eat
football. Simple Past Tense ate
His father and mother are watching tele Present Participle is eating
vision. Past Participle has eaten
Future Tense will eat
STUDY NOTES
Your Ultimate Destination for Educational Resources!
www.studynotes.online
DOWNLOAD
All Most Importance PDF Collection in Hindi and English For All Competitive
Exams, UPSC PDF, MPPSC PDF, BPSC PDF, UPPSC PDF, RAS PDF, CGPSC PDF,
Vyapam PDF, MPSI PDF, UPTET PDF, MPTET PDF, CTET PDF, HTET PDF, REET
PDF, SSC PDF, RRB PDF, Bank PDF, Most Importance PDF Collection, Free
Study Material For Competitive Exams in PDF, Competitive Exam Books Free
Download PDF in Hindi, Study Material PDF Free Download, Handwritten Notes
PDF Download, General Knowledge Handwritten Notes PDF, Static GK
Handwritten Notes in Hindi, Free PDF Notes
FIND US ON
StudyNotesHQ All Exam PDF
StudyNotesHQ
All Subject PDF
StudyNotesHQ
StudyNotesHQ Current Affairs
studynotes.online
Quiz
, GENERAL ENGLISH
NOUNS dish dishes wish wishes
box boxes hoax hoaxes
Kinds of Nouns: fax faxes six sixes
Common Nouns – They are names of people (e.g. fox foxes tax taxes
man), things (e.g. books), animals (e.g. monkey) and By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in –o.
places (church). buffalo buffaloes potato potatoes
Proper Nouns – They are special names of people cargo cargoes mosquito mosquitoes
(e.g. George ), things (e.g. Financial Times), animals echo echoes tomato tomatoes
(e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g. Paris). A proper By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –o.
noun begins with a Capital Letter. banjo banjos patio patios
Abstract Nouns – An abstract noun is the name of bamboo bamboos photo photos
something that we can only think of or feel but can- radio radios video videos
not see (e.g. friendship). By replacing ‘y’ with –ies.
Collective Nouns – They are names used for a num- baby babies lorry lorries
ber of people, things or animals together and treated fly flies navy navies
as one. For example: a group of friends, a bunch of hobby hobbies puppy puppies
bananas, a litter of puppies. By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –y.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns – Countable boy boys key keys
nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g. trees). day days toy toys
Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be donkey donkeys turkey turkeys
counted. (e.g. smoke). By replacing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ with –ves.
Nouns have four genders: calf calves loaf loaves
1. Masculine Gender – The masculine gender is half halves self selves
used for all males. Example: boy, man
life lives wife wives
2. Feminine Gender – The feminine gender is used
By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –f or –fe.
for all females. Example: girl, woman
chief chiefs hoof hoofs
3. Common Gender – The common gender is used
dwarf dwarfs reef reef
where the noun can be both male and female.
gulf gulfs roof roofs
Example: cousin, friend, person, child, student
By changing vowels.
4. Neuter Gender – The neuter gender is used for
foot feet louse lice
things which have no life or sex.
goose geese tooth teeth
Example: table, chair.
mouse mice woman women
Singular and Plural Nouns – A noun that shows only
Some nouns have same words for plural and singu-
one person (e.g. a girl), thing (e.g. pencil), animal
lar.
(e.g. tiger) or place (e.g. market) is called a singular
aircraft aircraft music music
noun.
crossroads crossroads series series
A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls),
furniture furniture sheep sheep
thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g. tigers) or place (e.g.
Exceptional plural.
markets) is called a plural noun.
child children ox oxen
Plural nouns are formed. crisis crises passer-by passers-by
By adding –s. ‘es’ to nouns ending in –ch, –s, –sh and mouse mice radius radii
–x.
beach beaches peach peaches
branch branches speech speeches
ditch ditches watch watches
boss bosses glass glasses
bus buses lens lenses
chorus choruses pass passes
brush brushes fish fishes
bush bushes lash lashes
, PRONOUNS Exercise
Fill in the blanks with ‘which, ‘who’, ‘whom’ and
A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It ‘whose’.
refers to a person or thing without giving the name. 1. The boy, _____ father is a doctor, is my best friend.
There are two types of Personal Pronouns: 2. This is not something _____ we like to do.
(1) those used as subjects; and 3. That man, _____ left leg was amputated, suffers from
(2) those used as objects. diabetes.
Personal Pronouns 4. The thief, _____ they caught, was sent to the prison.
Singular Plural 5. Our friends, _____ we invited to the party, arrived
Subject Object Subject Object rather early.
Ist Person I Me We Us 6. The girl, _____ broke the mirror, was scolded by her
IInd Person You You You You mother.
IIIrd Person He Him They Them 7. That is my uncle, _____ car was stolen.
She Her They Them 8. That woman, _____ you saw, was my auntie.
It It They Them 9. Kangaroos, _____ use their pouch to carry their ba-
bies, are found in Australia.
Reflexive Pronouns 10. The policeman, ______ caught the thief, is a very
We use the Reflexive Pronoun when the action of the brave man.
doer goes back to himself so that the Subject of the Answer
sentence is the same person as the object. 1.whose 2.which 3.whose 4.whom 5.whom 6.who
Example: He has hurt himself. 7.whose 8.whom 9.which 10.who
Pronouns like ‘himself’ are called Reflexive Pronouns.
They always end in ‘self ‘.
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular Plural
Ist Person Myself Ourselves
Ist Person Yourself Yourselves
Third Person Himself Themselves
Herself Themselves
Itself Themselves
Relative Pronouns
The Relative Pronouns take the place of Nouns or Pro-
nouns; and they are used to join two sentences about
the same person or thing.
Examples of relative pronouns: who, which, that, whom
and whose.
In most cases, we use who, whose and whom to make
statements about people.
¨ We use who to join two sentences.
Example: “The man is an artist. He drew that picture.”
“The man is an artist who drew that picture.”
¨ We use whose to show possession or rela-
tionship.
Example: “That is my uncle whose son is my cousin.”
We use which or that in almost the same way as we
use who but it refers to things, not human beings. There
is one other difference in the way we use who and
which.
After who we put a verb. After which we can put a
verb, a pronoun or a noun.
Example: That is the camera which costs fifty dollars.
That is the camera which he bought. That is the cam-
era which John likes.
¨ We use whom to make a statement about human be-
ings. It is used in place of who (a) when it is the object
of a verb or (b) when it comes after a preposition.
Example: (a) The man whom they caught was sent to
prison. (b) The man to whom you should speak is my
uncle.
, Transitive and intransitive verbs
The verb which needs an object to make its meaning
VERB clear or complete is called a transitive verb.
Verbs are words that show action. Every sentence Example: He feeds a cat.
must have a verb. A verb is not always one word. It The word ‘cat’ is called the object of the verb ‘feeds’.
may be made up of more than one word. The object can be a noun or a pronoun.
The intransitive verb does not need an object but the
Auxiliary verbs meaning is clear or complete.
The words: am, is, are, was, and were are verbs. They Example:
are forms of the verb ‘to be’. They are helping verbs He ran.
called auxiliary verbs. The verb ‘ran’ does not need an object.
If the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must She reads every day. (No object)
be singular. If the subject of a sentence is plural, the He eats quickly. (No object)
verb must be plural. The verb must agree with the The Finite verb
subject in number. The finite verb changes with the subject. The subject
Examples of ‘subjects’ and ‘verbs’ being singular: is the person, thing, animal or place we refer to. When
The man is sleeping. the subject is in the first or second person or is plural,
She goes to the market. the verb does not change. When the subject is in the
The student does his homework every day. third person or is singular, the verb changes from,
The train has arrived. say, ‘eat’ to ‘eats’. The verb ‘eat’ is a finite verb.
‘Man’, ‘she’, ‘student’ and ‘train’ are known as Every sentence must have a finite verb.
subjects.The subjects are all singular.The verbs ‘is’, Other usage of verbs to remember:
‘goes’, ‘does’ and ‘has’ are all singular too. 1. When “and” is used to join two nouns or pronouns
Examples of ‘subjects’ and ‘verbs’ being plural: together, the verb is usually in the plural.
The men are sleeping. Examples: Beef and mutton are meat.
They go to the market. He and I were classmates.
The students do their homework every day. 2. When we use two nouns for the same person or
The trains have arrived. thing, the verb should be in the singular.
‘Men’, ‘they’, ‘students’ and ‘trains’ are known as
subjects. The subjects are all plural. The verbs ‘are’, Examples: My friend and classmate is very
‘go’, ‘do’ and ‘have’ are all plural too. helpful.
Other singular and plural subjects that take on singu- Bread and butter is his only food.
lar and plural verbs: 3. When we use two nouns for the same person, we
Subjects with words like ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘any’, ‘no’, use the article ‘the’ only once and the verb should
‘none’ and ‘nobody’ take on the singular verbs. be in the singular.
Examples: Each student is given a pen. Example: The shopkeeper and owner of the shop
Every child is happy watching the show. is my uncle.
Nobody is allowed to walk on the grass. 4. When we refer to two different persons, we use the
Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs. article twice and the verb must be in the plural.
Examples: Rice is eaten in many countries. Example: The shopkeeper and the owner of the
There is oil on the floor. shop are my good friends.
Salt is added to make the food taste bet- 5. When we join two nouns and treat them as a whole,
ter. the verb is in the singular.
Subjects with words like ‘both’, ‘all’, ‘many’, ‘some’, Example: Bread and butter is his usual breakfast.
‘several’ and ‘a number of’ take on a plural verb. 6. When a noun is a quantity or an amount, it is treated
Examples: Both of you have to come home early. as a whole and the verb is in the singular.
All of us want to be happy. Examples:Ten kilometers is not a long way to
Some of my friends are female. travel. Nowadays, fifty dollars is not a lot
Two or more subjects joined by ‘and’ always take a of
plural verb. money.
Examples: A verb is used in different forms as follow:
My brother and his friends like to play Simple Present Tense eat
football. Simple Past Tense ate
His father and mother are watching tele Present Participle is eating
vision. Past Participle has eaten
Future Tense will eat
