Microbiology 3050- Cumulative (Clemson)
Actual Final Exam Questions With
Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!
1. How Microbes Evolve - ANSWER
1. mutation of genetic material
2. new genotypes
3. advantageous phenotypes
4. natural selection
2. Origin of Earth - ANSWER
1. bacteria/ archaea
2. phototrophic bacteria
- oxygen added
4. cyanobacteria
5. eukarya
6. animals. vascular plants, mammals, humans
3. Universal Phylogenetic Tree Classifications - ANSWER
- based on comparison of DNA encoding small subunit ribosomal RNA
- prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
- eukarya (eukaryotes: fungi / protists)
4. Three Domains of Life - ANSWER
Root= LUCA
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya: branched from Archaea
,5. Microbial Species - ANSWER collection of strains that share many stable
properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains
6. Microbial Strains - ANSWER - consists of descendants of as single, pure
microbial culture
- on strain is designated as the type strain
7. Impact of Microbes - ANSWER - agriculture
- food
- human microflora
- cycling of nutrients (nitrogen)
8. Robert Hooke - ANSWER described molds
9. Antony van Leeuwenhoek - ANSWER first to observe and accurately describe
bacteria
10. Francesco Redi - ANSWER discredited spontaneous generation for large
animals
11. Who Disproved Spontaneous Generation and How - ANSWER - Louis
Pasteur
- liquid in flask with bend in long open end
- upright flask stayed sterile
- tilted flask unsterile
12. Louis Pasteur - ANSWER - fermentation
- pasteurization
- aseptic technique
- attenuation
- vaccines for: anthrax, chicken chloera, rabies
- germ theory of disease
13. Ignaz Semmelweis - ANSWER - hand-washing to prevent childbed fever
Joseph Lister
,- developed system for surgery to prevent microbes from entering wounds
Robert Koch
- established relationship between microbe causing anthrax
14. Koch's Postulates (#1) - ANSWER - suspected pathogen present in all cases
of disease and not in healthy animals
- Microscopy staining
15. Koch's Postulates (#2) - ANSWER - suspected pathogen must be grown in
pure culture
- laboratory cultures
16. Koch's Postulates (#3) - ANSWER - cells from pure culture must cause
disease in healthy animal
- experimental animals
17. Koch's Postulates (#4) - ANSWER - suspected pathogen must be reisolated
and shown to be same as original
- laboratory reisolation and culture
18. Edward Jenner - ANSWER - used vaccination procedure to protect
individuals from smallpox
- cowpox pus inserted into healthy individual
19. Ferdinand Cohn - ANSWER - discovered bacterial endospores
- classified bacteria based on shape
20. Alexander Flemming - ANSWER discovered penicillin
21. Martinus Beijerinck - ANSWER - use of enrichment cultures and selective
media
- isolated first pure cultures of soil and aquatic bacteria
- described first virus
22. Sergei Winogradsky - ANSWER - discovered anaerobic nitrogen fixation
- proposed concept of chemolithrotrophy
, 23. Griffith - ANSWER transforming principle- DNA
24. Avery, MacLeod, McCarty - ANSWER DNA is the genetic material
25. Watson, Crick, Franklin - ANSWER DNA structure
26. Woese, Sanger - ANSWER tree of life and DNA sequencing
27. Kary Mullis - ANSWER PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
28. Handelsman - ANSWER Metagenomics
29. Types of Light Microscopy - ANSWER - bright-field
- dark-field
- phase-contrast
- fluorescence
30. Refractive Index - ANSWER - light is refracted (bent) when passing from
one medium to another
- F= focal point
- f= focal length
Strength of Lens - ANSWER shorter focal length = greater magnification
Total Magnification - ANSWER - mag of ocular lens x mag of objective lens
- upper limit magnification= 200x
Actual Final Exam Questions With
Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!
1. How Microbes Evolve - ANSWER
1. mutation of genetic material
2. new genotypes
3. advantageous phenotypes
4. natural selection
2. Origin of Earth - ANSWER
1. bacteria/ archaea
2. phototrophic bacteria
- oxygen added
4. cyanobacteria
5. eukarya
6. animals. vascular plants, mammals, humans
3. Universal Phylogenetic Tree Classifications - ANSWER
- based on comparison of DNA encoding small subunit ribosomal RNA
- prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
- eukarya (eukaryotes: fungi / protists)
4. Three Domains of Life - ANSWER
Root= LUCA
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya: branched from Archaea
,5. Microbial Species - ANSWER collection of strains that share many stable
properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains
6. Microbial Strains - ANSWER - consists of descendants of as single, pure
microbial culture
- on strain is designated as the type strain
7. Impact of Microbes - ANSWER - agriculture
- food
- human microflora
- cycling of nutrients (nitrogen)
8. Robert Hooke - ANSWER described molds
9. Antony van Leeuwenhoek - ANSWER first to observe and accurately describe
bacteria
10. Francesco Redi - ANSWER discredited spontaneous generation for large
animals
11. Who Disproved Spontaneous Generation and How - ANSWER - Louis
Pasteur
- liquid in flask with bend in long open end
- upright flask stayed sterile
- tilted flask unsterile
12. Louis Pasteur - ANSWER - fermentation
- pasteurization
- aseptic technique
- attenuation
- vaccines for: anthrax, chicken chloera, rabies
- germ theory of disease
13. Ignaz Semmelweis - ANSWER - hand-washing to prevent childbed fever
Joseph Lister
,- developed system for surgery to prevent microbes from entering wounds
Robert Koch
- established relationship between microbe causing anthrax
14. Koch's Postulates (#1) - ANSWER - suspected pathogen present in all cases
of disease and not in healthy animals
- Microscopy staining
15. Koch's Postulates (#2) - ANSWER - suspected pathogen must be grown in
pure culture
- laboratory cultures
16. Koch's Postulates (#3) - ANSWER - cells from pure culture must cause
disease in healthy animal
- experimental animals
17. Koch's Postulates (#4) - ANSWER - suspected pathogen must be reisolated
and shown to be same as original
- laboratory reisolation and culture
18. Edward Jenner - ANSWER - used vaccination procedure to protect
individuals from smallpox
- cowpox pus inserted into healthy individual
19. Ferdinand Cohn - ANSWER - discovered bacterial endospores
- classified bacteria based on shape
20. Alexander Flemming - ANSWER discovered penicillin
21. Martinus Beijerinck - ANSWER - use of enrichment cultures and selective
media
- isolated first pure cultures of soil and aquatic bacteria
- described first virus
22. Sergei Winogradsky - ANSWER - discovered anaerobic nitrogen fixation
- proposed concept of chemolithrotrophy
, 23. Griffith - ANSWER transforming principle- DNA
24. Avery, MacLeod, McCarty - ANSWER DNA is the genetic material
25. Watson, Crick, Franklin - ANSWER DNA structure
26. Woese, Sanger - ANSWER tree of life and DNA sequencing
27. Kary Mullis - ANSWER PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
28. Handelsman - ANSWER Metagenomics
29. Types of Light Microscopy - ANSWER - bright-field
- dark-field
- phase-contrast
- fluorescence
30. Refractive Index - ANSWER - light is refracted (bent) when passing from
one medium to another
- F= focal point
- f= focal length
Strength of Lens - ANSWER shorter focal length = greater magnification
Total Magnification - ANSWER - mag of ocular lens x mag of objective lens
- upper limit magnification= 200x
