MICRO 3050 Cumulative Final – Clemson Actual Exam Questions
With Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers Guaranteed Pass!!
an organism too small to be seen by the
what is a microorganism
naked eye
fit on the tree of life
define cellular
are seen as "living"
Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, Prions
define acellular
not on tree of life
no nucleus
define prokaryotic no membrane bound organelles
single chromosome
complex nucleus
define eukaryotic membrane bound organelles
capable of mitosis/meiosis
bacteria
what are the 3 domains of life archea
eukarya
bacteria - made of peptidoglycan
archea - no peptidoglycan, distinct ssu
difference between bacteria and arches
RNA sequences, abundant in extreme
environments
vertically - mutation of genetic materi-
al, new genotypes, natural selection (all
how do microbial populations change
from their parents)
and evolve?
horizontally - increase in diversity within
the same generation
group of microbes that are more related
define the prokaryote "species" to other microbes
species is a controversial term
two organisms that can made and have
what is a microbial species successful offspring by excual reproduc-
tion
the first strain isolated
whats a type strain might not be representative of the rest of
the species
what are Koch's postulates
,1. The suspected pathogen must be pre-
sent in all cases of the disease and ab-
sent from healthy animals. (find in all sick,
never healthy)
2. The suspected pathogen must be
grown in pure culture. (isolate and grow
in pure culture)
3. Cells from a pure culture of the sus-
pected pathogen must cause diseases in
a healthy animal. (infect new host with
culture and get the same disease)
4. The suspected pathogen must be
reisolated and shown to be the same as
the original. (reisolate organism)
1. 90% of disease causing pathogens
can't be cultured in a lab
what are the problems with Koch's pos-
2. there's no good animal model
tulate?
3. a # of pathogens live in healthy people
without causing disease - opportunistic
uses light to illuminate specimens (bright
compound light microscope field, dark field, phase contrast, fluores-
cence)
a measure of how greatly a substance
refractive index
slows the velocity of light
determined be the refractive indices of
direction and magnitude
the two media forming the interface.
focal point focuses light rays
distance between center of lens and fo-
focal length cal point
shorter length = greater magnification
stays in focus when magnification and
parfocal lens
focal length change
when a specimen is in the center of
the microscopic field, it will remain cen-
paracentric lens
tered when different objective lenses are
moved into the light path.
total magnification
, mag. Of ocular lense x mag. Of objective
lense.
multiplies magnification of the objective
ocular lens
lens by 10
each lens magnifies the specimen
objective lens
each has a different magnifying power
ability of a lens to separate or distinguish
small objects that are close together.
-formula: D=0.5 » /n((sintheta)
resolution
-smaller numerator = better resolution
-bigger n value, the better the resolution
-shorter wavelength = better resolution
measure of light gathering ability
(nsintheta)
numerical aperture theta - angle of light collected which is
determined by the working distance
more light = higher NA = better resolution
distance from the bottom of the objective
what is working distance lens to the top of the organism being
observed
slide being viewed rests upon it, light
stage
passes through the hole
condenser focuses light on specimen
Used for focus on scanning. Usually the
course adjustment knob low power lens is used enabling the
movement of the tube.
Used for focus on oil. Moves the body
fine adjustment knob
tube for focussing the high power lens.
It supports the tube of the microscope
arm and connects to the base of the micro-
scope.
Stage clips hold the slides in proper
stage clip
place
With Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers Guaranteed Pass!!
an organism too small to be seen by the
what is a microorganism
naked eye
fit on the tree of life
define cellular
are seen as "living"
Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, Prions
define acellular
not on tree of life
no nucleus
define prokaryotic no membrane bound organelles
single chromosome
complex nucleus
define eukaryotic membrane bound organelles
capable of mitosis/meiosis
bacteria
what are the 3 domains of life archea
eukarya
bacteria - made of peptidoglycan
archea - no peptidoglycan, distinct ssu
difference between bacteria and arches
RNA sequences, abundant in extreme
environments
vertically - mutation of genetic materi-
al, new genotypes, natural selection (all
how do microbial populations change
from their parents)
and evolve?
horizontally - increase in diversity within
the same generation
group of microbes that are more related
define the prokaryote "species" to other microbes
species is a controversial term
two organisms that can made and have
what is a microbial species successful offspring by excual reproduc-
tion
the first strain isolated
whats a type strain might not be representative of the rest of
the species
what are Koch's postulates
,1. The suspected pathogen must be pre-
sent in all cases of the disease and ab-
sent from healthy animals. (find in all sick,
never healthy)
2. The suspected pathogen must be
grown in pure culture. (isolate and grow
in pure culture)
3. Cells from a pure culture of the sus-
pected pathogen must cause diseases in
a healthy animal. (infect new host with
culture and get the same disease)
4. The suspected pathogen must be
reisolated and shown to be the same as
the original. (reisolate organism)
1. 90% of disease causing pathogens
can't be cultured in a lab
what are the problems with Koch's pos-
2. there's no good animal model
tulate?
3. a # of pathogens live in healthy people
without causing disease - opportunistic
uses light to illuminate specimens (bright
compound light microscope field, dark field, phase contrast, fluores-
cence)
a measure of how greatly a substance
refractive index
slows the velocity of light
determined be the refractive indices of
direction and magnitude
the two media forming the interface.
focal point focuses light rays
distance between center of lens and fo-
focal length cal point
shorter length = greater magnification
stays in focus when magnification and
parfocal lens
focal length change
when a specimen is in the center of
the microscopic field, it will remain cen-
paracentric lens
tered when different objective lenses are
moved into the light path.
total magnification
, mag. Of ocular lense x mag. Of objective
lense.
multiplies magnification of the objective
ocular lens
lens by 10
each lens magnifies the specimen
objective lens
each has a different magnifying power
ability of a lens to separate or distinguish
small objects that are close together.
-formula: D=0.5 » /n((sintheta)
resolution
-smaller numerator = better resolution
-bigger n value, the better the resolution
-shorter wavelength = better resolution
measure of light gathering ability
(nsintheta)
numerical aperture theta - angle of light collected which is
determined by the working distance
more light = higher NA = better resolution
distance from the bottom of the objective
what is working distance lens to the top of the organism being
observed
slide being viewed rests upon it, light
stage
passes through the hole
condenser focuses light on specimen
Used for focus on scanning. Usually the
course adjustment knob low power lens is used enabling the
movement of the tube.
Used for focus on oil. Moves the body
fine adjustment knob
tube for focussing the high power lens.
It supports the tube of the microscope
arm and connects to the base of the micro-
scope.
Stage clips hold the slides in proper
stage clip
place
