BIOD331 Module 5 Pulmonary Disorders
Comprehensive Final Test (Qns & Ans)
2025
Question 1 (Multiple Choice)
Question:
A 45-year-old patient with a history of systemic inflammatory
response presents with acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS). Which pro‑inflammatory mediator is most closely
implicated in the increased alveolar-capillary permeability
characteristic of ARDS?
A) Interleukin‑10
B) Tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α)
C) Interleukin‑4
D) Transforming growth factor‑beta (TGF‑β)
Correct ANS:
B) Tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α)
©2025
, Rationale:
TNF‑α is one of the key pro‑inflammatory cytokines responsible
for increasing vascular permeability and contributing to alveolar
flooding in ARDS. It plays a pivotal role in initiating the cascade
of inflammatory responses seen in this condition.
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Question 2 (Fill in the Blank)
Question:
In healthy young adults at sea level, the alveolar–arterial (A–a)
oxygen gradient is typically less than ________ mm Hg.
Correct ANS:
15
Rationale:
The A–a gradient assesses the efficiency of gas exchange. In
healthy individuals, this gradient is generally less than 15 mm Hg.
An elevated gradient suggests the presence of ventilation–
perfusion mismatch or diffusion impairment.
©2025
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Question 3 (True/False)
Question:
True/False: In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls leads
to reduced elastic recoil, which predisposes the airways to early
closure during exhalation and results in air trapping.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Emphysema is marked by the loss of alveolar septa and elastic
tissue, which decreases lung elastic recoil. This reduction causes
premature airway collapse during exhalation, leading to air
trapping and hyperinflation, characteristic of the disease.
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Question 4 (Multiple Response)
Question:
©2025
, Select all factors that contribute to the development of
ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) mismatch in pulmonary embolism:
A) Occlusion of pulmonary arteries causing reduced perfusion
B) Areas of normal ventilation with decreased blood flow
C) Compensatory hyperventilation in non‑embolized regions
D) Bronchoconstriction secondary to allergic reactions
E) Increased alveolar dead space
Correct ANS:
A, B, C, E
Rationale:
In pulmonary embolism, a thrombus obstructs pulmonary arteries
(A), leading to regions that are well‑ventilated but have reduced
perfusion (B) and increased alveolar dead space (E).
Compensatory hyperventilation (C) in other lung regions may also
occur. Bronchoconstriction due to allergic reactions (D) is not a
direct consequence of embolism.
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Question 5 (Multiple Choice)
©2025
Comprehensive Final Test (Qns & Ans)
2025
Question 1 (Multiple Choice)
Question:
A 45-year-old patient with a history of systemic inflammatory
response presents with acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS). Which pro‑inflammatory mediator is most closely
implicated in the increased alveolar-capillary permeability
characteristic of ARDS?
A) Interleukin‑10
B) Tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α)
C) Interleukin‑4
D) Transforming growth factor‑beta (TGF‑β)
Correct ANS:
B) Tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α)
©2025
, Rationale:
TNF‑α is one of the key pro‑inflammatory cytokines responsible
for increasing vascular permeability and contributing to alveolar
flooding in ARDS. It plays a pivotal role in initiating the cascade
of inflammatory responses seen in this condition.
---
Question 2 (Fill in the Blank)
Question:
In healthy young adults at sea level, the alveolar–arterial (A–a)
oxygen gradient is typically less than ________ mm Hg.
Correct ANS:
15
Rationale:
The A–a gradient assesses the efficiency of gas exchange. In
healthy individuals, this gradient is generally less than 15 mm Hg.
An elevated gradient suggests the presence of ventilation–
perfusion mismatch or diffusion impairment.
©2025
,---
Question 3 (True/False)
Question:
True/False: In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls leads
to reduced elastic recoil, which predisposes the airways to early
closure during exhalation and results in air trapping.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Emphysema is marked by the loss of alveolar septa and elastic
tissue, which decreases lung elastic recoil. This reduction causes
premature airway collapse during exhalation, leading to air
trapping and hyperinflation, characteristic of the disease.
---
Question 4 (Multiple Response)
Question:
©2025
, Select all factors that contribute to the development of
ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) mismatch in pulmonary embolism:
A) Occlusion of pulmonary arteries causing reduced perfusion
B) Areas of normal ventilation with decreased blood flow
C) Compensatory hyperventilation in non‑embolized regions
D) Bronchoconstriction secondary to allergic reactions
E) Increased alveolar dead space
Correct ANS:
A, B, C, E
Rationale:
In pulmonary embolism, a thrombus obstructs pulmonary arteries
(A), leading to regions that are well‑ventilated but have reduced
perfusion (B) and increased alveolar dead space (E).
Compensatory hyperventilation (C) in other lung regions may also
occur. Bronchoconstriction due to allergic reactions (D) is not a
direct consequence of embolism.
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Question 5 (Multiple Choice)
©2025
