psy 324 final exam review questions and correct answers with detailed rationales.

according to the vulnerability hypothesis, what postnatal factor can lead to increased risk of developing schizo? what neural pathway which influences schizo symptoms, might be altered by this factor? - correct answer postnatal: early life stressors neural pathway: rostral olfactory pathway pictures that show olfactory is disturbed: electrical recordings show that there are deficits from receptors, cortex Most incoming messages to neurons arrive at branch-like structures called ______ - correct answer dendrites The messages arrive in the form of _____ which are chemicals which act at specific _____ on the structures. - correct answer neurotransmitters receptor sites These chemicals are either _____ in which case they allow positive ions into the receiving neuron, or _____ in which case they allow negative ions into the receiving neuron - correct answer excitatory inhibitory These messages are summated in the ____ of the receiving neuron. - correct answer soma If enough positive ions stimulate the neuron, it generates a large impulse called the _____ which travels down the ______ - correct answer action potential axon Two basic types of neuronal circuits are ______ in which information from many sources come together on fewer, more complex neurons, and ______ in which input from a few neurons is widely distributed - correct answer convergent divergent Incoming and outgoing messages to and from the central nervous system are carried by fibers called ______ - correct answer nerves Areas in the hindbrain include the______ which stores learned motor responses and the ______ consisting of short-fiber neurons involved in general attention. - correct answer cerebellum reticular formation The posterior part of the forebrain consists of the _____ which monitors external stimuli and the ______ which regulates the neuroendocrine system - correct answer thalamus hypothalamus The anterior part of the forebrain includes the _____ , which regulates the ____ l aspects of memory as well as some aspects of movement via the _____ - correct answer limbic system emotional aspects basal ganglia The _____ covers the rest of the brain in mammals, and includes the _____ which is involved in executive functions. - correct answer cortex frontal lobe The nervous system originates from the _____ the sides of which fold over to form the _____ - correct answer neural plate neural tube The anterior end of this structure thickens to become the _____ while the posterior end remains tubular and becomes the ______ - correct answer brain spinal The anterior end becomes folded because it cannot grow beyond the _____ - correct answer skull The fluid-filled cavities within this structure are called ______ and developing neurons _____ in the layer adjacent to them - correct answer ventricles proliferate The neurons then ______ way to other layers using structures called _____ as guides. - correct answer migrate radial glial cells . Eventually they _____ with other neurons with similar functions. - correct answer aggregrate What is the difference between in vitro and in vivo approaches to understanding the forces guiding circuitry during CNS development? Give an example of each kind of study. - correct answer - In vivo: in an animal that is intact ex) mouse whiskers - In vitro: not in the intact animal, living tissue outside of the animal ex) growth cone, cell clones What is a growth cone? What are the two basic categories of molecular cues that have opposite effects on growth cone guidance? What does the growth cone have to do to make use of this guidance? - correct answer - Growth cone: developing terminal of a neuron - Two categories: chemoattractant chemo repulsion - What does it have to do: integrate them The enrichment experimental design compares animals housed in a(n) _____ condition consisting of several animals without toys, with animals housed in a(n) _____ condition consisting of individual animals without toys and with others housed in a(n) ____ condition consisting of several animals with toys. - correct answer standard impoverished enriched The results indicate that compared to the other conditions, enrichment _____ response errors to criterion on maze tests and _____ cortical thickness and synaptic _____ in the brain - correct answer decreases increased density Neurogenesis in the adult rodent hippocampus is _____ by estrogen and _____ by stress - correct answer increased decreased Hippocampal neurogenesis is also _____ by environmental enrichment or by ____ - correct answer increased water maze training According to the Kennard principle, what neural change allows recovery of function following early but not adult brain injury? - correct answer Kennards principal: brain injury early on is better than brain injury as adults because neuroplasticity allows you to reorganize brain circuitry According to Hebb's theory, why can early brain injury cause as much or even more functional damage than injury in adulthood? - correct answer Hebb: early injury worse than late injury because if basic circuitry isn't developed, brain will develop incorrect circuitry