BIOL 1204 (Human Anatomy and
Physiology) EXAM 1 REVIEW STUDY
GUIDE VERIFIED AND SUMMARISED
TEXAX UNIVERSITY.
, BIOL 2401 Exam 1 Review Sheet (Chapter 1-3)
Chapter 1
Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.
Anatomy: Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Subdivisions of anatomy:
● Gross or macroscopic anatomy: the study of large visible structures (can see with the
naked eye)
o Regional anatomy: looks at all structures in a particular area of the body
o System anatomy: looks at just one system of the 11 (ex: cardiovascular,
reproductive, urinary, nervous, etc.)
o Surface anatomy: looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin
(visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
● Microscopic anatomy: deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
o Cytology: microscopic study of cells
o Histology: microscopic study of tissues
● Developmental anatomy: studies anatomical and physiological development throughout
life
o Embryology: study of developments before birth
* To study anatomy, one must know anatomical terms and be able to observe, manipulate, palpate, and
auscultate.
Physiology: Study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life sustaining activities.
Subdivisions of physiology:
● Based on organ systems (ex: renal or cardiovascular physiology)
● Focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body.
● Looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells
* To study physiology, one must understand basic physical principles (ex: electrical currents (nervous
system), pressure, movement) as well as basic chemical principles
Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and
explain their relationships. (Slide 9)
Chemical level: atoms combined to form molecules.
● Subatomic particles; atoms; molecules; macromolecules
o Ex: protons, neutrons, electrons, hydrogden, Carbon, water, proteins
Cellular level: cells made of molecules; smallest units of life.
● Organelles: mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
, Tissue level: consists of similar types of cells performing a specific function.
● 4 basic types:
1. Epithelium: covers & lines
2. Muscle: movement (aids locomotion)
3. Connective: support and protect
4. Nervous: transmit electric impulses
Organ level: made up of different types of tissues.
● Usually, 2 or more types of tissues
● 4 is more common.
Organ system level: consists of different organs that work closely together
Organismal level: made up of the organ systems, single complete individual.
Chemical (atoms form
molecules)
Cellular (made of
molecules)
Tissue (similar types of
cells)
Organ (made up of
different tissues >2)
Organ system (made up of
different organs)
Organismal (made up of
different organ systems to
make a single individual)
List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain
the major function(s) of each system.
1. Cardiovascular:
a. Components: Heart, blood vessels
b. Function: BV transport blood, carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, wastes. Heart pumps blood
2. Integumentary:
a. Components: Hair, skin, and nails.
b. Function: Skin Synthesizes Vitamin D. Protects deeper tissue from injury, houses
cutaneous receptors(pain,pressure) sweat oil glands
3. Skeletal:
a. Components: Bones, Joints.
Physiology) EXAM 1 REVIEW STUDY
GUIDE VERIFIED AND SUMMARISED
TEXAX UNIVERSITY.
, BIOL 2401 Exam 1 Review Sheet (Chapter 1-3)
Chapter 1
Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.
Anatomy: Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.
Subdivisions of anatomy:
● Gross or macroscopic anatomy: the study of large visible structures (can see with the
naked eye)
o Regional anatomy: looks at all structures in a particular area of the body
o System anatomy: looks at just one system of the 11 (ex: cardiovascular,
reproductive, urinary, nervous, etc.)
o Surface anatomy: looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin
(visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
● Microscopic anatomy: deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
o Cytology: microscopic study of cells
o Histology: microscopic study of tissues
● Developmental anatomy: studies anatomical and physiological development throughout
life
o Embryology: study of developments before birth
* To study anatomy, one must know anatomical terms and be able to observe, manipulate, palpate, and
auscultate.
Physiology: Study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life sustaining activities.
Subdivisions of physiology:
● Based on organ systems (ex: renal or cardiovascular physiology)
● Focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body.
● Looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells
* To study physiology, one must understand basic physical principles (ex: electrical currents (nervous
system), pressure, movement) as well as basic chemical principles
Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and
explain their relationships. (Slide 9)
Chemical level: atoms combined to form molecules.
● Subatomic particles; atoms; molecules; macromolecules
o Ex: protons, neutrons, electrons, hydrogden, Carbon, water, proteins
Cellular level: cells made of molecules; smallest units of life.
● Organelles: mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
, Tissue level: consists of similar types of cells performing a specific function.
● 4 basic types:
1. Epithelium: covers & lines
2. Muscle: movement (aids locomotion)
3. Connective: support and protect
4. Nervous: transmit electric impulses
Organ level: made up of different types of tissues.
● Usually, 2 or more types of tissues
● 4 is more common.
Organ system level: consists of different organs that work closely together
Organismal level: made up of the organ systems, single complete individual.
Chemical (atoms form
molecules)
Cellular (made of
molecules)
Tissue (similar types of
cells)
Organ (made up of
different tissues >2)
Organ system (made up of
different organs)
Organismal (made up of
different organ systems to
make a single individual)
List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain
the major function(s) of each system.
1. Cardiovascular:
a. Components: Heart, blood vessels
b. Function: BV transport blood, carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, wastes. Heart pumps blood
2. Integumentary:
a. Components: Hair, skin, and nails.
b. Function: Skin Synthesizes Vitamin D. Protects deeper tissue from injury, houses
cutaneous receptors(pain,pressure) sweat oil glands
3. Skeletal:
a. Components: Bones, Joints.
