BIOL 1204 (Human Anatomy and
Physiology) UNIT 1 EXAM REVIEW
STUDY GUIDE VERIFIED AND
SUMMARISED TEXAS UNIVERSITY
,Chapter 1
1. Describe the organization of the body from the chemical to organismal level
- Chemical: atoms combined to form molecules.
- Cellular: cells made of molecule
- Tissues: consist of similar types of cells
- Organs: made up of different types of tissues
- Organ system: consists of different organs that work together.
- Organismal: made up of the organ system.
2. Be familiar with the primary functions of the various organ systems
- Integumentary System: Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous
receptors and some glands, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss. Included: Hair, skin and
associated glands, and toenails.
- Muscular System: Produces movement, generates heat when muscles contract. Included:
Pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, tendons, and sartorius muscle.
- Skeletal System: Provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis (blood cell
production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscles
attachments.
- Nervous System: Regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, responds to
sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also, responsible for
consciousness, intelligence, and memory. Included: Sense organ (eye), brain, spinal cord, and
Nerves.
- Endocrine System: Consist of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, maintain
homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control
reproduction.
- Included: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, and testes.
- Lymphatic System: Transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune
response.
- Included: tonsils, thymus, thoracic duct, cervical lymph nodes, axillary lymph
nodes, spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, popliteal lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.
- Cardiovascular System: Consist of the heart and blood vessels: the heart moves blood
through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gasses, and pick up
waste products.
- Included: heart and blood vessels.
- Respiratory System: Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the
lungs.
- Included: nasal cavity, nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and larynx.
, - Urinary System: Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active
molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the
body.
- Included: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Male Reproductive System: Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones, transfer
sperm to the female.
- Included: ductus deferens, prostate glands, urethra, testis, scrotum, seminal
vesicle, epididymis, and penis.
- Female Reproductive System: Produces female sex cells and female hormones, recives
sperm from the male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of
embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborns.
- Included: mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina, and external
genitalia.
- Digestive System: Mechanically and chemically digest food, absorb nutrients, and expels
waste products.
- Included: salivary glands, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, large
intestine, and small intestine.
3. Describe the different anatomical planes and how they divide the body
- Supine: Lying down, face upford.
- Anatomic Position: Stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs
are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly: the head is level, and the eyes
looking forward.
- Coronal Plane: Also called frontal plane. Is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ
into anterior and posterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains
the back and buttocks.
- Transverse Plane: Also called a horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane divides the body
or organ into superior and inferior parts.
- Midsagittal Plane: Or median plane, is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into
equal left and right halves.
- Oblique Planes: Pass through a structure at an angle
Physiology) UNIT 1 EXAM REVIEW
STUDY GUIDE VERIFIED AND
SUMMARISED TEXAS UNIVERSITY
,Chapter 1
1. Describe the organization of the body from the chemical to organismal level
- Chemical: atoms combined to form molecules.
- Cellular: cells made of molecule
- Tissues: consist of similar types of cells
- Organs: made up of different types of tissues
- Organ system: consists of different organs that work together.
- Organismal: made up of the organ system.
2. Be familiar with the primary functions of the various organ systems
- Integumentary System: Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous
receptors and some glands, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss. Included: Hair, skin and
associated glands, and toenails.
- Muscular System: Produces movement, generates heat when muscles contract. Included:
Pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, tendons, and sartorius muscle.
- Skeletal System: Provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis (blood cell
production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscles
attachments.
- Nervous System: Regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, responds to
sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also, responsible for
consciousness, intelligence, and memory. Included: Sense organ (eye), brain, spinal cord, and
Nerves.
- Endocrine System: Consist of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, maintain
homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control
reproduction.
- Included: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, and testes.
- Lymphatic System: Transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune
response.
- Included: tonsils, thymus, thoracic duct, cervical lymph nodes, axillary lymph
nodes, spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, popliteal lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.
- Cardiovascular System: Consist of the heart and blood vessels: the heart moves blood
through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gasses, and pick up
waste products.
- Included: heart and blood vessels.
- Respiratory System: Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the
lungs.
- Included: nasal cavity, nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and larynx.
, - Urinary System: Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active
molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the
body.
- Included: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Male Reproductive System: Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones, transfer
sperm to the female.
- Included: ductus deferens, prostate glands, urethra, testis, scrotum, seminal
vesicle, epididymis, and penis.
- Female Reproductive System: Produces female sex cells and female hormones, recives
sperm from the male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of
embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborns.
- Included: mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina, and external
genitalia.
- Digestive System: Mechanically and chemically digest food, absorb nutrients, and expels
waste products.
- Included: salivary glands, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, large
intestine, and small intestine.
3. Describe the different anatomical planes and how they divide the body
- Supine: Lying down, face upford.
- Anatomic Position: Stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs
are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly: the head is level, and the eyes
looking forward.
- Coronal Plane: Also called frontal plane. Is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ
into anterior and posterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains
the back and buttocks.
- Transverse Plane: Also called a horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane divides the body
or organ into superior and inferior parts.
- Midsagittal Plane: Or median plane, is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into
equal left and right halves.
- Oblique Planes: Pass through a structure at an angle
