BIOL 121 Minchella, Final Review Exam
Questions with Verified Answers
carbohydrates: functions - ANSWER--major source of energy
-form important structural components like cellulose and chitin
trioses - ANSWER-3-carbon sugars, glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)
pentoses - ANSWER-5-carbon sugars, ribose C5H10O5, deoxyribose C5H10O4
hexoses - ANSWER-6-carbon sugars, glucose C6H12O6
disaccharides - ANSWER-double sugars
sucrose - ANSWER-combination of glucose and fructose used by plants for energy
creation of polymers - ANSWER-dehydration/condensation reaction; lose a water,
gain an alpha bond
starch - ANSWER-glucoses stuck together with a branched structure
cellulose - ANSWER-most abundant organic compound on Earth; makes up 40% of
cell walls in plants; polymer of glucose with an unbranched structure; much denser
and less easily degraded than starch
chitin - ANSWER-polymer of amino sugars; forms part of fungal cell walls and the
exoskeletons of arthropods
lipids: constituent elements - ANSWER-C, H, O; usually not in a 2:1 H:O ratio
lipids: misc - ANSWER-not polymers
not soluble in water
lipids: function - ANSWER--membrane structural components
-energy storage (much more storage in an equal amount of fat than carbohydrates)
-structural basis for some hormones and vitamins
triglycerides - ANSWER-glycerol + 3 fatty acids
fats - ANSWER-triglycerides that are solid at room temp
oils - ANSWER-triglycerides that are liquid at room temp
saturated fatty acids - ANSWER-contain no double bonds; are saturated with
hydrogens; relatively straight
,unsaturated fatty acids - ANSWER-contain double bonds; kinkier than saturated fatty
acids
animal fats are ___________, plant fats are ______________ - ANSWER-saturated,
unsaturated
cholesterol - ANSWER-steroid essential for building cell membranes and producing
sex hormones; made in the liver from saturated fatty acids
LDL - ANSWER-low density lipoprotein, act as delivery trucks for cholesterol, "bad
cholesterol"
HDL - ANSWER-high density lipoprotein, garbage trucks for cholesterol (takes it to
the liver to be degraded); "good cholesterol"
excess LDL can... - ANSWER-stress the liver and clog the arteries
phospholipids - ANSWER-two fatty acids + a phosphate; hydrophilic at one end,
hydrophobic on the other
steroids - ANSWER-4 fused carbon rings
most common steroid - ANSWER-testosterone
________ of cellular dry weight is protein - ANSWER-50%
protein: constituent elements - ANSWER-C-H-O-N, sometimes P, S, Mg, Fe
amino acids have a variable.... - ANSWER-R group
protein: functions - ANSWER--support: fibrous framework of tendons
-transport: hemoglobin
-movement: actin and myosin
-antibodies for defense
-enzymatic: regulate chemical reactions
primary structure of protein - ANSWER-unique sequence of amino acids creates a
polypeptide
secondary structure of protein - ANSWER-localized twisting and folding due to H
bond interaction
tertiary structure of protein - ANSWER-dictated by amino acid R groups; overall
shape of the protein
quaternary structure of protein - ANSWER-association of several polypeptide chains
protein's 3D shape is... - ANSWER-critical for proper functioning; proteins have
chaperones to prevent inappropriate actions
, enzymes - ANSWER-proteins that change the rate of biochemical reactions; act as
catalysts by reducing the activation energy needed for a given reaction
nucleic acids: constituent elements - ANSWER-C-H-N-O-P
nucleotide parts - ANSWER-phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and sugar
types of nitrogenous base - ANSWER-pyrimidine (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
purine (adenine, guanine)
nucleic acid: functions - ANSWER--information transfer
-storage of genetic material
-synthesis of proteins
-transfer of chemical energy (ATP)
-RNA can act as an enzyme or regulatory element
DNA bases - ANSWER-A,T,C,G
RNA bases - ANSWER-A,U,C,G
ATP consists of - ANSWER-adenine, ribose 5C, and 3 phosophates
ATP - reverse phosphorylation - ANSWER-ATP+H2O --> ADP + Pi + energy
ATP - phosphorylation - ANSWER-ADP + Pi + energy --> ATP + H2O
humans use _____ ATP a day but can only store ________ - ANSWER-10^25, 1
million
equation aerobic respiration - ANSWER-C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O --> 12H2O + 6CO2
+ energy
one glucose molecule releases ___________ of energy - ANSWER-636 kcal
overview of respiration - ANSWER--glycolysis
-oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA
-Krebs Cycle
-Respiratory electron transport chain
NAD, FAD - ANSWER-temporary storage and transport forms of energy
glycolysis - ANSWER--anaerobic breakdown of glucose
-occurs in the cytosol
-requires 2 initial ATP
-results: 2 net ATP + 2 NADred
fermentation - ANSWER--anaerobic process after glycolysis (only when oxygen isn't
available)
-regenerates NADox from NADred
-used to turn sugar into ethanol or lactic acid
Questions with Verified Answers
carbohydrates: functions - ANSWER--major source of energy
-form important structural components like cellulose and chitin
trioses - ANSWER-3-carbon sugars, glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)
pentoses - ANSWER-5-carbon sugars, ribose C5H10O5, deoxyribose C5H10O4
hexoses - ANSWER-6-carbon sugars, glucose C6H12O6
disaccharides - ANSWER-double sugars
sucrose - ANSWER-combination of glucose and fructose used by plants for energy
creation of polymers - ANSWER-dehydration/condensation reaction; lose a water,
gain an alpha bond
starch - ANSWER-glucoses stuck together with a branched structure
cellulose - ANSWER-most abundant organic compound on Earth; makes up 40% of
cell walls in plants; polymer of glucose with an unbranched structure; much denser
and less easily degraded than starch
chitin - ANSWER-polymer of amino sugars; forms part of fungal cell walls and the
exoskeletons of arthropods
lipids: constituent elements - ANSWER-C, H, O; usually not in a 2:1 H:O ratio
lipids: misc - ANSWER-not polymers
not soluble in water
lipids: function - ANSWER--membrane structural components
-energy storage (much more storage in an equal amount of fat than carbohydrates)
-structural basis for some hormones and vitamins
triglycerides - ANSWER-glycerol + 3 fatty acids
fats - ANSWER-triglycerides that are solid at room temp
oils - ANSWER-triglycerides that are liquid at room temp
saturated fatty acids - ANSWER-contain no double bonds; are saturated with
hydrogens; relatively straight
,unsaturated fatty acids - ANSWER-contain double bonds; kinkier than saturated fatty
acids
animal fats are ___________, plant fats are ______________ - ANSWER-saturated,
unsaturated
cholesterol - ANSWER-steroid essential for building cell membranes and producing
sex hormones; made in the liver from saturated fatty acids
LDL - ANSWER-low density lipoprotein, act as delivery trucks for cholesterol, "bad
cholesterol"
HDL - ANSWER-high density lipoprotein, garbage trucks for cholesterol (takes it to
the liver to be degraded); "good cholesterol"
excess LDL can... - ANSWER-stress the liver and clog the arteries
phospholipids - ANSWER-two fatty acids + a phosphate; hydrophilic at one end,
hydrophobic on the other
steroids - ANSWER-4 fused carbon rings
most common steroid - ANSWER-testosterone
________ of cellular dry weight is protein - ANSWER-50%
protein: constituent elements - ANSWER-C-H-O-N, sometimes P, S, Mg, Fe
amino acids have a variable.... - ANSWER-R group
protein: functions - ANSWER--support: fibrous framework of tendons
-transport: hemoglobin
-movement: actin and myosin
-antibodies for defense
-enzymatic: regulate chemical reactions
primary structure of protein - ANSWER-unique sequence of amino acids creates a
polypeptide
secondary structure of protein - ANSWER-localized twisting and folding due to H
bond interaction
tertiary structure of protein - ANSWER-dictated by amino acid R groups; overall
shape of the protein
quaternary structure of protein - ANSWER-association of several polypeptide chains
protein's 3D shape is... - ANSWER-critical for proper functioning; proteins have
chaperones to prevent inappropriate actions
, enzymes - ANSWER-proteins that change the rate of biochemical reactions; act as
catalysts by reducing the activation energy needed for a given reaction
nucleic acids: constituent elements - ANSWER-C-H-N-O-P
nucleotide parts - ANSWER-phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and sugar
types of nitrogenous base - ANSWER-pyrimidine (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
purine (adenine, guanine)
nucleic acid: functions - ANSWER--information transfer
-storage of genetic material
-synthesis of proteins
-transfer of chemical energy (ATP)
-RNA can act as an enzyme or regulatory element
DNA bases - ANSWER-A,T,C,G
RNA bases - ANSWER-A,U,C,G
ATP consists of - ANSWER-adenine, ribose 5C, and 3 phosophates
ATP - reverse phosphorylation - ANSWER-ATP+H2O --> ADP + Pi + energy
ATP - phosphorylation - ANSWER-ADP + Pi + energy --> ATP + H2O
humans use _____ ATP a day but can only store ________ - ANSWER-10^25, 1
million
equation aerobic respiration - ANSWER-C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O --> 12H2O + 6CO2
+ energy
one glucose molecule releases ___________ of energy - ANSWER-636 kcal
overview of respiration - ANSWER--glycolysis
-oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA
-Krebs Cycle
-Respiratory electron transport chain
NAD, FAD - ANSWER-temporary storage and transport forms of energy
glycolysis - ANSWER--anaerobic breakdown of glucose
-occurs in the cytosol
-requires 2 initial ATP
-results: 2 net ATP + 2 NADred
fermentation - ANSWER--anaerobic process after glycolysis (only when oxygen isn't
available)
-regenerates NADox from NADred
-used to turn sugar into ethanol or lactic acid
