, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xv 2.3.4 Quantum Numbers, Energy Levels,
and Atomic Orbitals 47
CHAPTER 1 2.3.5 The Energy State of Multielectron
Atoms 50
Introduction to Materials Science
2.3.6 The Quantum-Mechanical Model
and Engineering 2 and the Periodic Table 52
1.1 Materials and Engineering 3 2.4 Periodic Variations in Atomic
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 7 Size, Ionization Energy, and Electron
1.3 Types of Materials 9 Affinity 55
2.4.1 Trends in Atomic Size 55
1.3.1 Metallic Materials 9
2.4.2 Trends in Ionization Energy 56
1.3.2 Polymeric Materials 11
2.4.3 Trends in Electron Affinity 58
1.3.3 Ceramic Materials 14
2.4.4 Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals 60
1.3.4 Composite Materials 16
1.3.5 Electronic Materials 18 2.5 Primary Bonds 60
2.5.1 Ionic Bonds 62
1.4 Competition Among Materials 19
2.5.2 Covalent Bonds 68
1.5 Recent Advances in Materials Science
and Technology and Future Trends 21 2.5.3 Metallic Bonds 75
1.5.1 Smart Materials 21 2.5.4 Mixed Bonding 77
1.5.2 Nanomaterials 23 2.6 Secondary Bonds 79
1.6 Design and Selection 24 2.7 Summary 82
1.7 Summary 26 2.8 Definitions 82
1.8 Definitions 26 2.9 Problems 84
1.9 Problems 27
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 2 Crystal and Amorphous Structure
Atomic Structure and Bonding 30 in Materials 92
2.1 Atomic Structure and Subatomic 3.1 The Space Lattice and Unit Cells 93
Particles 31 3.2 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices 94
2.2 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, 3.3 Principal Metallic Crystal Structures 95
and Atomic Masses 35 3.3.1 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal
2.2.1 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers 35 Structure 97
2.3 The Electronic Structure of Atoms 39 3.3.2 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal
2.3.1 Planck’s Quantum Theory and Structure 100
Electromagnetic Radiation 39 3.3.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal
2.3.2 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 40 Structure 101
2.3.3 The Uncertainty Principle and 3.4 Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells 104
Schrödinger’s Wave Functions 44 3.5 Directions in Cubic Unit Cells 105
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3.6 Miller Indices for Crystallographic Planes 4.4 Crystalline Imperfections 165
in Cubic Unit Cells 109 4.4.1 Point Defects 165
3.7 Crystallographic Planes and Directions in 4.4.2 Line Defects (Dislocations) 166
Hexagonal Crystal Structure 114 4.4.3 Planar Defects 170
3.7.1 Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit 4.4.4 Volume Defects 172
Cells 114
4.5 Experimental Techniques for Identification
3.7.2 Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells 116 of Microstructure and Defects 173
3.8 Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal 4.5.1 Optical Metallography, ASTM
Structures 116 Grain Size, and Grain Diameter
3.8.1 FCC and HCP Crystal Structures 116 Determination 173
3.8.2 BCC Crystal Structure 119 4.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.9 Volume, Planar, and Linear Density (SEM) 178
Unit-Cell Calculations 119 4.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
3.9.1 Volume Density 119 (TEM) 179
3.9.2 Planar Atomic Density 120 4.5.4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy (HRTEM) 180
3.9.3 Linear Atomic Density and Repeat
Distance 122 4.5.5 Scanning Probe Microscopes and Atomic
Resolution 182
3.10 Polymorphism or Allotropy 123
4.6 Summary 186
3.11 Crystal Structure Analysis 124
4.7 Definitions 187
3.11.1 X-Ray Sources 125
4.8 Problems 188
3.11.2 X-Ray Diffraction 126
3.11.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal
Structures 128 CHAPTER 5
3.12 Amorphous Materials 134 Thermally Activated Processes and
3.13 Summary 135 Diffusion in Solids 196
3.14 Definitions 136 5.1 Rate Processes in Solids 197
3.15 Problems 137 5.2 Atomic Diffusion in Solids 201
5.2.1 Diffusion in Solids in General 201
CHAPTER 4 5.2.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 201
Solidification and Crystalline 5.2.3 Steady-State Diffusion 203
Imperfections 146 5.2.4 Non–Steady-State Diffusion 206
4.1 Solidification of Metals 147 5.3 Industrial Applications of Diffusion
4.1.1 The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Processes 208
Metals 149 5.3.1 Case Hardening of Steel by Gas
4.1.2 Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Carburizing 208
Formation of a Grain Structure 154 5.3.2 Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers
4.1.3 Grain Structure of Industrial for Integrated Circuits 212
Castings 155 5.4 Effect of Temperature on Diffusion
4.2 Solidification of Single Crystals 156 in Solids 215
4.3 Metallic Solid Solutions 160 5.5 Summary 218
4.3.1 Substitutional Solid Solutions 161 5.6 Definitions 219
4.3.2 Interstitial Solid Solutions 163 5.7 Problems 219
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7.4.2 The Creep Test 320 CHAPTER 9
7.4.3 Creep-Rupture Test 321 Engineering Alloys 388
7.5 Graphical Representation of Creep- and
Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data 9.1 Production of Iron and Steel 389
Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter 322 9.1.1 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast
7.6 A Case Study In Failure of Metallic Furnace 390
Components 324 9.1.2 Steelmaking and Processing of Major
Steel Product Forms 391
7.7 Recent Advances and Future Directions in
Improving The Mechanical Performance of 9.2 The Iron-Carbon System 393
Metals 327 9.2.1 The Iron–Iron-Carbide Phase
7.7.1 Improving Ductility and Strength Diagram 393
Simultaneously 327 9.2.2 Solid Phases in the Fe–Fe3C Phase
7.7.2 Fatigue Behavior in Nanocrystalline Diagram 393
Metals 329 9.2.3 Invariant Reactions in the Fe–Fe3C Phase
7.8 Summary 329 Diagram 394
9.2.4 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels 396
7.9 Definitions 330
7.10 Problems 331 9.3 Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon
Steels 403
9.3.1 Martensite 403
CHAPTER 8 9.3.2 Isothermal Decomposition of
Phase Diagrams 336 Austenite 408
9.3.3 Continuous-Cooling Transformation
8.1 Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances 337 Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon
8.2 Gibbs Phase Rule 339 Steel 413
8.3 Cooling Curves 340 9.3.4 Annealing and Normalizing of Plain-
8.4 Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems 342 Carbon Steels 415
8.5 The Lever Rule 344 9.3.5 Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels 417
8.6 Nonequilibrium Solidification 9.3.6 Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels and
Typical Mechanical Properties 421
of Alloys 348
8.7 Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems 351 9.4 Low-Alloy Steels 423
9.4.1 Classification of Alloy Steels 423
8.8 Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems 359
9.4.2 Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy
8.9 Binary Monotectic Systems 364 Steels 423
8.10 Invariant Reactions 365 9.4.3 Effects of Alloying Elements on the
8.11 Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases Eutectoid Temperature of Steels 424
and Compounds 367 9.4.4 Hardenability 426
8.12 Ternary Phase Diagrams 371 9.4.5 Typical Mechanical Properties and
8.13 Summary 374 Applications for Low-Alloy Steels 430
8.14 Definitions 375 9.5 Aluminum Alloys 432
8.15 Problems 377 9.5.1 Precipitation Strengthening
(Hardening) 432
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Preface xv 2.3.4 Quantum Numbers, Energy Levels,
and Atomic Orbitals 47
CHAPTER 1 2.3.5 The Energy State of Multielectron
Atoms 50
Introduction to Materials Science
2.3.6 The Quantum-Mechanical Model
and Engineering 2 and the Periodic Table 52
1.1 Materials and Engineering 3 2.4 Periodic Variations in Atomic
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 7 Size, Ionization Energy, and Electron
1.3 Types of Materials 9 Affinity 55
2.4.1 Trends in Atomic Size 55
1.3.1 Metallic Materials 9
2.4.2 Trends in Ionization Energy 56
1.3.2 Polymeric Materials 11
2.4.3 Trends in Electron Affinity 58
1.3.3 Ceramic Materials 14
2.4.4 Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals 60
1.3.4 Composite Materials 16
1.3.5 Electronic Materials 18 2.5 Primary Bonds 60
2.5.1 Ionic Bonds 62
1.4 Competition Among Materials 19
2.5.2 Covalent Bonds 68
1.5 Recent Advances in Materials Science
and Technology and Future Trends 21 2.5.3 Metallic Bonds 75
1.5.1 Smart Materials 21 2.5.4 Mixed Bonding 77
1.5.2 Nanomaterials 23 2.6 Secondary Bonds 79
1.6 Design and Selection 24 2.7 Summary 82
1.7 Summary 26 2.8 Definitions 82
1.8 Definitions 26 2.9 Problems 84
1.9 Problems 27
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 2 Crystal and Amorphous Structure
Atomic Structure and Bonding 30 in Materials 92
2.1 Atomic Structure and Subatomic 3.1 The Space Lattice and Unit Cells 93
Particles 31 3.2 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices 94
2.2 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, 3.3 Principal Metallic Crystal Structures 95
and Atomic Masses 35 3.3.1 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal
2.2.1 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers 35 Structure 97
2.3 The Electronic Structure of Atoms 39 3.3.2 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal
2.3.1 Planck’s Quantum Theory and Structure 100
Electromagnetic Radiation 39 3.3.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal
2.3.2 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 40 Structure 101
2.3.3 The Uncertainty Principle and 3.4 Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells 104
Schrödinger’s Wave Functions 44 3.5 Directions in Cubic Unit Cells 105
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3.6 Miller Indices for Crystallographic Planes 4.4 Crystalline Imperfections 165
in Cubic Unit Cells 109 4.4.1 Point Defects 165
3.7 Crystallographic Planes and Directions in 4.4.2 Line Defects (Dislocations) 166
Hexagonal Crystal Structure 114 4.4.3 Planar Defects 170
3.7.1 Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit 4.4.4 Volume Defects 172
Cells 114
4.5 Experimental Techniques for Identification
3.7.2 Direction Indices in HCP Unit Cells 116 of Microstructure and Defects 173
3.8 Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal 4.5.1 Optical Metallography, ASTM
Structures 116 Grain Size, and Grain Diameter
3.8.1 FCC and HCP Crystal Structures 116 Determination 173
3.8.2 BCC Crystal Structure 119 4.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.9 Volume, Planar, and Linear Density (SEM) 178
Unit-Cell Calculations 119 4.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
3.9.1 Volume Density 119 (TEM) 179
3.9.2 Planar Atomic Density 120 4.5.4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy (HRTEM) 180
3.9.3 Linear Atomic Density and Repeat
Distance 122 4.5.5 Scanning Probe Microscopes and Atomic
Resolution 182
3.10 Polymorphism or Allotropy 123
4.6 Summary 186
3.11 Crystal Structure Analysis 124
4.7 Definitions 187
3.11.1 X-Ray Sources 125
4.8 Problems 188
3.11.2 X-Ray Diffraction 126
3.11.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal
Structures 128 CHAPTER 5
3.12 Amorphous Materials 134 Thermally Activated Processes and
3.13 Summary 135 Diffusion in Solids 196
3.14 Definitions 136 5.1 Rate Processes in Solids 197
3.15 Problems 137 5.2 Atomic Diffusion in Solids 201
5.2.1 Diffusion in Solids in General 201
CHAPTER 4 5.2.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 201
Solidification and Crystalline 5.2.3 Steady-State Diffusion 203
Imperfections 146 5.2.4 Non–Steady-State Diffusion 206
4.1 Solidification of Metals 147 5.3 Industrial Applications of Diffusion
4.1.1 The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Processes 208
Metals 149 5.3.1 Case Hardening of Steel by Gas
4.1.2 Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Carburizing 208
Formation of a Grain Structure 154 5.3.2 Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers
4.1.3 Grain Structure of Industrial for Integrated Circuits 212
Castings 155 5.4 Effect of Temperature on Diffusion
4.2 Solidification of Single Crystals 156 in Solids 215
4.3 Metallic Solid Solutions 160 5.5 Summary 218
4.3.1 Substitutional Solid Solutions 161 5.6 Definitions 219
4.3.2 Interstitial Solid Solutions 163 5.7 Problems 219
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7.4.2 The Creep Test 320 CHAPTER 9
7.4.3 Creep-Rupture Test 321 Engineering Alloys 388
7.5 Graphical Representation of Creep- and
Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data 9.1 Production of Iron and Steel 389
Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter 322 9.1.1 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast
7.6 A Case Study In Failure of Metallic Furnace 390
Components 324 9.1.2 Steelmaking and Processing of Major
Steel Product Forms 391
7.7 Recent Advances and Future Directions in
Improving The Mechanical Performance of 9.2 The Iron-Carbon System 393
Metals 327 9.2.1 The Iron–Iron-Carbide Phase
7.7.1 Improving Ductility and Strength Diagram 393
Simultaneously 327 9.2.2 Solid Phases in the Fe–Fe3C Phase
7.7.2 Fatigue Behavior in Nanocrystalline Diagram 393
Metals 329 9.2.3 Invariant Reactions in the Fe–Fe3C Phase
7.8 Summary 329 Diagram 394
9.2.4 Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels 396
7.9 Definitions 330
7.10 Problems 331 9.3 Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon
Steels 403
9.3.1 Martensite 403
CHAPTER 8 9.3.2 Isothermal Decomposition of
Phase Diagrams 336 Austenite 408
9.3.3 Continuous-Cooling Transformation
8.1 Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances 337 Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon
8.2 Gibbs Phase Rule 339 Steel 413
8.3 Cooling Curves 340 9.3.4 Annealing and Normalizing of Plain-
8.4 Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems 342 Carbon Steels 415
8.5 The Lever Rule 344 9.3.5 Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels 417
8.6 Nonequilibrium Solidification 9.3.6 Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels and
Typical Mechanical Properties 421
of Alloys 348
8.7 Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems 351 9.4 Low-Alloy Steels 423
9.4.1 Classification of Alloy Steels 423
8.8 Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems 359
9.4.2 Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy
8.9 Binary Monotectic Systems 364 Steels 423
8.10 Invariant Reactions 365 9.4.3 Effects of Alloying Elements on the
8.11 Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases Eutectoid Temperature of Steels 424
and Compounds 367 9.4.4 Hardenability 426
8.12 Ternary Phase Diagrams 371 9.4.5 Typical Mechanical Properties and
8.13 Summary 374 Applications for Low-Alloy Steels 430
8.14 Definitions 375 9.5 Aluminum Alloys 432
8.15 Problems 377 9.5.1 Precipitation Strengthening
(Hardening) 432
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