HTH 320 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
statistics -- Answer ✔✔ mathematical procedures used to summarize, analyze, and
interpret observations
independent variable -- Answer ✔✔ •Those that are manipulated by the experimenter
•"Predictor"
dependent variable -- Answer ✔✔ •Those that are not under the experimenter's
control
•"Criterion"
frequency -- Answer ✔✔ •describes the number of times or how often a category,
score, or range of scores occurs
frequency distribution -- Answer ✔✔ -a summary display for a distribution of data
-an organized way to present data,
,-showing the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of
measurement
-can be either a table or a graph
-always shows the categories that make up the scale, and the frequency, or number of
individuals, in each category
-to determine how many subjects were in the study, sum all the numbers in the
frequency (f) column
simple frequency distribution -- Answer ✔✔ summary display for:
-the frequency of scores falling within defined groups or intervals (grouped data) in a
distribution
-generally more clear
-the frequency of each individual score or category (ungrouped data) in a distribution
grouped data -- Answer ✔✔ set of scores distributed into intervals, where the
frequency of each score can fall into any one interval
ungrouped data -- Answer ✔✔ -a set of scores or categories distributed individually,
where the frequency for each individual score or category is counted
-ungrouped when number of different scores is small, and for qualitative or categorical
variables
-to distribute, skip to final step for constructing a frequency distribution
-not constructed/distributed into intervals
, interval -- Answer ✔✔ discrete range of values within which the frequency of a subset
of scores is contained
The upper boundary of one interval and the lower boundary of the next interval do not
overlap in a simple frequency distribution. Why? -- Answer ✔✔ To ensure that a single
score cannot be counted in more than one
interval.
steps to summarize grouped data -- Answer ✔✔ Step 1: Find the real range
-the real range is one more than the difference between the largest and smallest value in
a list of data
Step 2: Find the interval width
-the interval width is the range of scores in each interval
-divide real range by number of intervals chosen
-round quotient to nearest whole number
Step 3: Construct the frequency distribution
-same number of intervals as Step 2
rules for a simple frequency distribution -- Answer ✔✔ -each interval is defined
-each interval is equidistant
-no interval overlaps
SOLUTIONS
statistics -- Answer ✔✔ mathematical procedures used to summarize, analyze, and
interpret observations
independent variable -- Answer ✔✔ •Those that are manipulated by the experimenter
•"Predictor"
dependent variable -- Answer ✔✔ •Those that are not under the experimenter's
control
•"Criterion"
frequency -- Answer ✔✔ •describes the number of times or how often a category,
score, or range of scores occurs
frequency distribution -- Answer ✔✔ -a summary display for a distribution of data
-an organized way to present data,
,-showing the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of
measurement
-can be either a table or a graph
-always shows the categories that make up the scale, and the frequency, or number of
individuals, in each category
-to determine how many subjects were in the study, sum all the numbers in the
frequency (f) column
simple frequency distribution -- Answer ✔✔ summary display for:
-the frequency of scores falling within defined groups or intervals (grouped data) in a
distribution
-generally more clear
-the frequency of each individual score or category (ungrouped data) in a distribution
grouped data -- Answer ✔✔ set of scores distributed into intervals, where the
frequency of each score can fall into any one interval
ungrouped data -- Answer ✔✔ -a set of scores or categories distributed individually,
where the frequency for each individual score or category is counted
-ungrouped when number of different scores is small, and for qualitative or categorical
variables
-to distribute, skip to final step for constructing a frequency distribution
-not constructed/distributed into intervals
, interval -- Answer ✔✔ discrete range of values within which the frequency of a subset
of scores is contained
The upper boundary of one interval and the lower boundary of the next interval do not
overlap in a simple frequency distribution. Why? -- Answer ✔✔ To ensure that a single
score cannot be counted in more than one
interval.
steps to summarize grouped data -- Answer ✔✔ Step 1: Find the real range
-the real range is one more than the difference between the largest and smallest value in
a list of data
Step 2: Find the interval width
-the interval width is the range of scores in each interval
-divide real range by number of intervals chosen
-round quotient to nearest whole number
Step 3: Construct the frequency distribution
-same number of intervals as Step 2
rules for a simple frequency distribution -- Answer ✔✔ -each interval is defined
-each interval is equidistant
-no interval overlaps
