TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY
k k k k
Chennai-600 097 k
CoursekMaterialkforkB.Ed.(kFirstkYear)
(2016-2017)
Course 7 (a): Pedagogy of Biological Science (Par
k k k k k k k
t –I Methodology)
k k
Prepared by k
Unit I
k Aims and objectives of teaching Biological Science
k k k k k k
Dr.R.Rajalakshmi,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkValuekEducation
Unit II
k Planning for Instruction
k k
Dr.T.kSivasakthikRajammal,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducational Psychology.
Unit III
k Practising the teaching skills in Biological Science
k k k k k k
Dr.R.Rajalakshmi,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkValuekEducation
Unit IV
k Methods Of Teaching Biological Science
k k k k
Dr.T.kSivasakthikRajammal,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducationalkPsychology
.
Dr.V.Vasudevan,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducationalkPsychology
Unit V
k Resources for Teaching Biological Science
k k k k
Dr.V.Vasudevan,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducationalkPsychology
Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University
k k k k k
Chennai-600 097 k
, PedagogykofkBiologicalkScience
UNIT I: Aims and Objectives of Teaching Biological Science
k k k k k k k k
Objectives:
• Tokobtainkknowledgekonktheknaturekandkscopekofkbiologicalkscience.
• Tokunderstandkthekaimskandkobjectiveskofkteachingkofkbiologicalkscience.
• Tokexaminekthekneedkandksignificancekofkteachingkofkbiologicalkscience.
• Tokexplorekthekvalueskofkteachingkofkbiologicalkscience.
INTRODUCTION
TheksciencekwhichkdealskwithkthekstudykofklivingkobjectskiskcalledkBiology.kThusktheksubjectkinvo
lveskthekstudieskofkallkkindskofkmicro-
organisms,kplantskandkanimals.kBiologykiskrelatedktokmankindkeverksincekthekoriginkofkman,kthereforekthi
skbranchkofksciencekstandskfirstkinkorderkofkstudieskaskcomparedktokotherkbrancheskofkscience.kEverksincekt
hekoriginkofklifekmankiskeagerktokknowkaboutkvariouskphenomenonkofklifekprocessesksuchkaskhealthkandkdi
sease,kbirth,kgrowthkandkdeath.kHowever,kmankdependskonkplantskandkanimalskforkfood,kshelterkandkcloth
ingkwhichkarekimmediatekneedskofklife,kcomekfromkBiology.kPerhapskitkwaskthekelementarykneedkofkmankt
okknowkaboutktheklivingkbeings,ksokthatkmaximumkbenefitskcankbekdrawnkoutkofkthem.kThoughkbiologykin
volveskstudykofklife,kbutknowkakdayskitkiskmostlykcentralisedkwithkthekstudykofkagriculture,kanimalkhusban
dry,khealthkandkmicrobiologykandkrelatedkbranches.kTodaykstudykofkanykbranchkofksciencekisknotkpossible
k inkisolationkaskitkalsokinvolveskprincipleskofkphysics,kchemistrykandkvariouskotherkbranches.
MEANING
Biologykiskaknaturalksciencekconcernedkwithkthekstudykofklifekandklivingkorganisms,kincludingkthe
irkstructure,kfunction,kgrowth,kevolution,kdistribution,kidentificationkandktaxonomy.
Biologykliterallykmeansk"thekstudykofklife".kBiologykisksuchkakbroadkfield,kcoveringkthekminutekw
orkingskofkchemicalkmachineskinsidekourkcells,ktokbroadkscalekconceptskofkecosystemskandkglobalkclimat
ekchange.kBiologistskstudykintimatekdetailskofkthekhumankbrain,kthekcompositionkofkourkgenes,kandkevenkt
hekfunctioningkofkourkreproductiveksystem.
Human’skexploratorykactivitieskhavekresultedkinkthekaccumulationkofkvastksourcekofkknowledgekc
alledkBiology.kInkBiology,kwekstudykaboutknaturekwhichkmeanskthekentirekuniverse.kThekknowledgekiskno
wk organisedk ink severalk disciplinesk fork thek conveniencek ofk study.k Thisk knowledgek isk basedk on
TamilkNadukTeacherskEducationkUniversity 2
, PedagogykofkBiologicalkScience
inquiry,kobservationskandklogicalkextensions,kandkisktestablekbykexperimentkorkhasklogicallykconvincingkexp
lanation.
Itkiskthiskorganisedkknowledgekwithkinquiry,klogicalkreasoningkandkexperimentationkaskitskcentralk
themeskthatkwekcallkscience.kSciencekmaykrightlykbeksaidktokbekakdomainkofkinquiry.
NATUREkANDkSCOPE
Biologykhaskcertainkcharacteristicskwhichkdistinguishkitkfromkotherksphereskofkhumankendeavour.
k Thesekcharacteristicskdefinektheknaturekofkbiology.kHumanskhavekalwayskbeenkcuriouskaboutkthekworldka
roundkthem.kThekinquiringkandkimaginativekhumankmindkhaskrespondedktokthekwonderkandkawekofknatur
ekinkdifferentkways.kOnekkindkofkresponsekfromkthekearliestktimeskhaskbeenktokobservekthekphysicalkandkbi
ologicalkenvironmentkcarefully,klookkforkanykmeaningfulkpatternskandkrelations,kmakekandkuseknewktools
k tokinteractkwithknature,kandkbuildkconceptualkmodelsktokunderstandkthekworld.kThiskhumankendeavourkisk
Biology.kButkBiologykiskultimatelykaksocialkendeavour.kBiologykiskknowledgekandkknowledgekiskpower.k
Withkpowerkcankcomekwisdomkandkliberation.kOr,kasksometimeskhappenskunfortunately,kpowerkcankbree
dkarrogancekandkdomination.kBiologykhaskthekpotentialktokbekbeneficialkorkharmful,kemancipativekorkopp
ressive.kHistory,kparticularlykofkthektwentiethkcentury,kisk fullkofkexampleskofkthiskdualkrolekofkBiology.
Inkakprogressivekforward-
lookingksociety,kBiologykcankplaykaktrulykliberatingkrole,khelpingkpeoplekoutkofkthekviciouskcirclekofkpove
rty,kignorancekandksuperstition.kBiology,ktemperedkwithkwisdom,kisktheksurestkandkthekonlykwayktokhuma
nkwelfare.kThiskconvictionkprovideskthekbasickrationalekforkBiologykeducation.
Sciencekpromoteskscepticism;kscientistskarekhighlyksceptickpeople.kScientistsklookkatkeverythingk
withksuspicion.kEveryknewkobservationkorkaknewktheorykiskreceivedkwithkaklotkofkscepticism.kItkleadsktokak
lotkofkdebatekamongkscientist.kAknewkobservationkiskacceptedkonlykwhenkexperimentalkobservationskhav
ekbeenkcheckedkbykindependentkindividualskorkgroupskatkvariouskplaceskwithkidenticalkresults.kSimilarly,k
aknewktheorykiskacceptedkwhenktheoreticalkcalculationskhavekbeenkrepeatedkbykotherkscientistskindepend
entlykwithkidenticalkresults.
Science,kandkbiologykinkparticular,kholdskseveralkfoundationalkvalueskthatkshouldkbekconveyedkto
k studentskasktheykpursuekcareerskaskscientistskorksciencekteachers.
TamilkNadukTeacherskEducationkUniversity 3
, PedagogykofkBiologicalkScience
Sciencekiskbasedkonkatkleastkfourkfundamentalkvalues:
• Curiositykiskgoodkandkshouldkbekencouraged.
• Knowledgekitselfkiskgood—itkiskgoodktokacquirekknowledge.
• Itkiskwrongktokfalsifykorkfabricatekthekdatakonkwhichkknowledgekiskbased.
• Itkiskgoodktokkeepkankopenkmindk(tokbekwillingktokexaminekandkconsiderknewkevidencekandkargum
ents),ktemperedkbykakvigilantklevelkofkscepticism.
Curiositykisksurelykthekmostkessentialktraitkakscientistkcankpossess.kCuriositykleadsktokaksearchkfork
knowledgekforkitskownksake,kwhichkiskthekdrivingkforcekbehindkthekgreatkmajoritykofkscientifickdiscoverie
skeverkmade.kAcquiringkknowledgekforkcuriosity'sksakekleadsknaturallyktoktheksecondkvaluekthatkknowled
gekiskgood—
k notkbecausekitkmaykbekusefulkinksomekpragmatickway,kbutksimplykbecausekitkincreaseskourkstorekofkknowl
edgekaboutkthekuniversekinkwhichkweklive.kStayingkopen-
mindedkandkscepticalkiskcertainlykakvaluekandkgoalkforkallkscientists,kprovidedkthatkone'skopen-
mindednesskiskreservedkforkobjectivekevidence,kaskopposedktoksubjectivekopinion.
Curiositykcankbekakhardksellkbecause,ksadly,kmanykofktoday'skstudentskseemktoklackkcuriositykabou
tkthekworldkandkuniversekoutsidektheirkpersonalksphereskofkrelevance.kEvenkatkthekcollegeklevel,kmanykstu
dentskappearktokhaveknokinterestkinklearningkaboutkanythingkaskremotekaskstellarkevolution,kphotosynthesi
s,kKrebskcycle,kthekBurgesskShalekfossils,khydrothermalkventkcommunities,klateralkgenektransfer,kthekbact
erialkoriginkofkmitochondria,kandksokon.kYetkthesektopicskwouldknotkseemkremotekifktheykwerekapproache
dkinkakcreativekandkspiritedkmanner.
Mostkinvestigationskinksciencekinvolveksomekformkofkscientifickmethod.kItkshowskcreativitykofkhu
mankindkinkseekingksolutionktokitskproblems.kThekapproachkusedkbykthekscientistskinkthekstudykofkastrono
mykandkecologykiskobservationkandkprediction.kInkmicrobiologyktheykrelykonklaboratorykexperimentkfocu
sedkonkcausekandkeffectkrelationship.kThiskiskakglimpsekofkthekprocesskbykwhichk sciencekworks.kThekesse
ntialkelementskofkthiskprocesskhavekbeenkcollectedkinkwhatkiskknownkaskscientifickmethod.
Inkscience,kexperimentationkandktheorykbuildingkcomplementkeachkother.kSometimeskaknewkexp
erimentkthrowskupkobservationskwhichkforcekmodificationkinkankexistingktheorykorkdemandkthekdevelop
mentk ofk ank altogetherk newk theory.k Atk otherk times,k theoreticalk developmentk ink ak theory
TamilkNadukTeacherskEducationkUniversity 4
k k k k
Chennai-600 097 k
CoursekMaterialkforkB.Ed.(kFirstkYear)
(2016-2017)
Course 7 (a): Pedagogy of Biological Science (Par
k k k k k k k
t –I Methodology)
k k
Prepared by k
Unit I
k Aims and objectives of teaching Biological Science
k k k k k k
Dr.R.Rajalakshmi,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkValuekEducation
Unit II
k Planning for Instruction
k k
Dr.T.kSivasakthikRajammal,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducational Psychology.
Unit III
k Practising the teaching skills in Biological Science
k k k k k k
Dr.R.Rajalakshmi,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkValuekEducation
Unit IV
k Methods Of Teaching Biological Science
k k k k
Dr.T.kSivasakthikRajammal,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducationalkPsychology
.
Dr.V.Vasudevan,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducationalkPsychology
Unit V
k Resources for Teaching Biological Science
k k k k
Dr.V.Vasudevan,kAssistantkProfessor,kDepartmentkofkEducationalkPsychology
Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University
k k k k k
Chennai-600 097 k
, PedagogykofkBiologicalkScience
UNIT I: Aims and Objectives of Teaching Biological Science
k k k k k k k k
Objectives:
• Tokobtainkknowledgekonktheknaturekandkscopekofkbiologicalkscience.
• Tokunderstandkthekaimskandkobjectiveskofkteachingkofkbiologicalkscience.
• Tokexaminekthekneedkandksignificancekofkteachingkofkbiologicalkscience.
• Tokexplorekthekvalueskofkteachingkofkbiologicalkscience.
INTRODUCTION
TheksciencekwhichkdealskwithkthekstudykofklivingkobjectskiskcalledkBiology.kThusktheksubjectkinvo
lveskthekstudieskofkallkkindskofkmicro-
organisms,kplantskandkanimals.kBiologykiskrelatedktokmankindkeverksincekthekoriginkofkman,kthereforekthi
skbranchkofksciencekstandskfirstkinkorderkofkstudieskaskcomparedktokotherkbrancheskofkscience.kEverksincekt
hekoriginkofklifekmankiskeagerktokknowkaboutkvariouskphenomenonkofklifekprocessesksuchkaskhealthkandkdi
sease,kbirth,kgrowthkandkdeath.kHowever,kmankdependskonkplantskandkanimalskforkfood,kshelterkandkcloth
ingkwhichkarekimmediatekneedskofklife,kcomekfromkBiology.kPerhapskitkwaskthekelementarykneedkofkmankt
okknowkaboutktheklivingkbeings,ksokthatkmaximumkbenefitskcankbekdrawnkoutkofkthem.kThoughkbiologykin
volveskstudykofklife,kbutknowkakdayskitkiskmostlykcentralisedkwithkthekstudykofkagriculture,kanimalkhusban
dry,khealthkandkmicrobiologykandkrelatedkbranches.kTodaykstudykofkanykbranchkofksciencekisknotkpossible
k inkisolationkaskitkalsokinvolveskprincipleskofkphysics,kchemistrykandkvariouskotherkbranches.
MEANING
Biologykiskaknaturalksciencekconcernedkwithkthekstudykofklifekandklivingkorganisms,kincludingkthe
irkstructure,kfunction,kgrowth,kevolution,kdistribution,kidentificationkandktaxonomy.
Biologykliterallykmeansk"thekstudykofklife".kBiologykisksuchkakbroadkfield,kcoveringkthekminutekw
orkingskofkchemicalkmachineskinsidekourkcells,ktokbroadkscalekconceptskofkecosystemskandkglobalkclimat
ekchange.kBiologistskstudykintimatekdetailskofkthekhumankbrain,kthekcompositionkofkourkgenes,kandkevenkt
hekfunctioningkofkourkreproductiveksystem.
Human’skexploratorykactivitieskhavekresultedkinkthekaccumulationkofkvastksourcekofkknowledgekc
alledkBiology.kInkBiology,kwekstudykaboutknaturekwhichkmeanskthekentirekuniverse.kThekknowledgekiskno
wk organisedk ink severalk disciplinesk fork thek conveniencek ofk study.k Thisk knowledgek isk basedk on
TamilkNadukTeacherskEducationkUniversity 2
, PedagogykofkBiologicalkScience
inquiry,kobservationskandklogicalkextensions,kandkisktestablekbykexperimentkorkhasklogicallykconvincingkexp
lanation.
Itkiskthiskorganisedkknowledgekwithkinquiry,klogicalkreasoningkandkexperimentationkaskitskcentralk
themeskthatkwekcallkscience.kSciencekmaykrightlykbeksaidktokbekakdomainkofkinquiry.
NATUREkANDkSCOPE
Biologykhaskcertainkcharacteristicskwhichkdistinguishkitkfromkotherksphereskofkhumankendeavour.
k Thesekcharacteristicskdefinektheknaturekofkbiology.kHumanskhavekalwayskbeenkcuriouskaboutkthekworldka
roundkthem.kThekinquiringkandkimaginativekhumankmindkhaskrespondedktokthekwonderkandkawekofknatur
ekinkdifferentkways.kOnekkindkofkresponsekfromkthekearliestktimeskhaskbeenktokobservekthekphysicalkandkbi
ologicalkenvironmentkcarefully,klookkforkanykmeaningfulkpatternskandkrelations,kmakekandkuseknewktools
k tokinteractkwithknature,kandkbuildkconceptualkmodelsktokunderstandkthekworld.kThiskhumankendeavourkisk
Biology.kButkBiologykiskultimatelykaksocialkendeavour.kBiologykiskknowledgekandkknowledgekiskpower.k
Withkpowerkcankcomekwisdomkandkliberation.kOr,kasksometimeskhappenskunfortunately,kpowerkcankbree
dkarrogancekandkdomination.kBiologykhaskthekpotentialktokbekbeneficialkorkharmful,kemancipativekorkopp
ressive.kHistory,kparticularlykofkthektwentiethkcentury,kisk fullkofkexampleskofkthiskdualkrolekofkBiology.
Inkakprogressivekforward-
lookingksociety,kBiologykcankplaykaktrulykliberatingkrole,khelpingkpeoplekoutkofkthekviciouskcirclekofkpove
rty,kignorancekandksuperstition.kBiology,ktemperedkwithkwisdom,kisktheksurestkandkthekonlykwayktokhuma
nkwelfare.kThiskconvictionkprovideskthekbasickrationalekforkBiologykeducation.
Sciencekpromoteskscepticism;kscientistskarekhighlyksceptickpeople.kScientistsklookkatkeverythingk
withksuspicion.kEveryknewkobservationkorkaknewktheorykiskreceivedkwithkaklotkofkscepticism.kItkleadsktokak
lotkofkdebatekamongkscientist.kAknewkobservationkiskacceptedkonlykwhenkexperimentalkobservationskhav
ekbeenkcheckedkbykindependentkindividualskorkgroupskatkvariouskplaceskwithkidenticalkresults.kSimilarly,k
aknewktheorykiskacceptedkwhenktheoreticalkcalculationskhavekbeenkrepeatedkbykotherkscientistskindepend
entlykwithkidenticalkresults.
Science,kandkbiologykinkparticular,kholdskseveralkfoundationalkvalueskthatkshouldkbekconveyedkto
k studentskasktheykpursuekcareerskaskscientistskorksciencekteachers.
TamilkNadukTeacherskEducationkUniversity 3
, PedagogykofkBiologicalkScience
Sciencekiskbasedkonkatkleastkfourkfundamentalkvalues:
• Curiositykiskgoodkandkshouldkbekencouraged.
• Knowledgekitselfkiskgood—itkiskgoodktokacquirekknowledge.
• Itkiskwrongktokfalsifykorkfabricatekthekdatakonkwhichkknowledgekiskbased.
• Itkiskgoodktokkeepkankopenkmindk(tokbekwillingktokexaminekandkconsiderknewkevidencekandkargum
ents),ktemperedkbykakvigilantklevelkofkscepticism.
Curiositykisksurelykthekmostkessentialktraitkakscientistkcankpossess.kCuriositykleadsktokaksearchkfork
knowledgekforkitskownksake,kwhichkiskthekdrivingkforcekbehindkthekgreatkmajoritykofkscientifickdiscoverie
skeverkmade.kAcquiringkknowledgekforkcuriosity'sksakekleadsknaturallyktoktheksecondkvaluekthatkknowled
gekiskgood—
k notkbecausekitkmaykbekusefulkinksomekpragmatickway,kbutksimplykbecausekitkincreaseskourkstorekofkknowl
edgekaboutkthekuniversekinkwhichkweklive.kStayingkopen-
mindedkandkscepticalkiskcertainlykakvaluekandkgoalkforkallkscientists,kprovidedkthatkone'skopen-
mindednesskiskreservedkforkobjectivekevidence,kaskopposedktoksubjectivekopinion.
Curiositykcankbekakhardksellkbecause,ksadly,kmanykofktoday'skstudentskseemktoklackkcuriositykabou
tkthekworldkandkuniversekoutsidektheirkpersonalksphereskofkrelevance.kEvenkatkthekcollegeklevel,kmanykstu
dentskappearktokhaveknokinterestkinklearningkaboutkanythingkaskremotekaskstellarkevolution,kphotosynthesi
s,kKrebskcycle,kthekBurgesskShalekfossils,khydrothermalkventkcommunities,klateralkgenektransfer,kthekbact
erialkoriginkofkmitochondria,kandksokon.kYetkthesektopicskwouldknotkseemkremotekifktheykwerekapproache
dkinkakcreativekandkspiritedkmanner.
Mostkinvestigationskinksciencekinvolveksomekformkofkscientifickmethod.kItkshowskcreativitykofkhu
mankindkinkseekingksolutionktokitskproblems.kThekapproachkusedkbykthekscientistskinkthekstudykofkastrono
mykandkecologykiskobservationkandkprediction.kInkmicrobiologyktheykrelykonklaboratorykexperimentkfocu
sedkonkcausekandkeffectkrelationship.kThiskiskakglimpsekofkthekprocesskbykwhichk sciencekworks.kThekesse
ntialkelementskofkthiskprocesskhavekbeenkcollectedkinkwhatkiskknownkaskscientifickmethod.
Inkscience,kexperimentationkandktheorykbuildingkcomplementkeachkother.kSometimeskaknewkexp
erimentkthrowskupkobservationskwhichkforcekmodificationkinkankexistingktheorykorkdemandkthekdevelop
mentk ofk ank altogetherk newk theory.k Atk otherk times,k theoreticalk developmentk ink ak theory
TamilkNadukTeacherskEducationkUniversity 4
