C715 Exam 7 Questions With Correct Answers!!
collectivism
A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect
others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
masculinity
where culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.
femininity
indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; where women are treated as the
equals of men in all aspects of the society.
uncertainty avoidance
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by
uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
long-term orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
short-term orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and
fulfillment of social obligations. people value the here and now; they accept change more
readily and don't see commitments as impediments to change.
heredity
factors determined at conception; one's biological, physiological, and inherent
psychological makeup.
Perception
,A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
attribution theory
An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence
of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
self-serving bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the
blame for failures on external factors.
selective perception
The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests,
background, experience, and attitudes.
halo effect
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristic.
contrast effect
Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently
encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Causing something to happen by believing it will come true.
decisions
, Choices made from among two or more alternatives.
problem
A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
rational
Characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
rational decision-making model
A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize
some outcome.
Steps in the rational decision-making model
1. Define the problem. 2. Identify the decision criteria. 3. Allocate weights to the criteria. 4.
Develop the alternatives. 5. Evaluate the alternatives. 6. Select the best alternative.
bounded rationality
A less-than-perfect form of rationality in which decision makers cannot be perfectly
rational because decisions are complex and complete information is unavailable or cannot
be fully processed
intuitive decision making
An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
anchoring bias
A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust
for subsequent information.
confirmation bias
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that
contradicts past judgments.
availability bias
collectivism
A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect
others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
masculinity
where culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control.
femininity
indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; where women are treated as the
equals of men in all aspects of the society.
uncertainty avoidance
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by
uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
long-term orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
short-term orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and
fulfillment of social obligations. people value the here and now; they accept change more
readily and don't see commitments as impediments to change.
heredity
factors determined at conception; one's biological, physiological, and inherent
psychological makeup.
Perception
,A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
attribution theory
An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence
of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
self-serving bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the
blame for failures on external factors.
selective perception
The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests,
background, experience, and attitudes.
halo effect
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristic.
contrast effect
Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently
encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Causing something to happen by believing it will come true.
decisions
, Choices made from among two or more alternatives.
problem
A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
rational
Characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
rational decision-making model
A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize
some outcome.
Steps in the rational decision-making model
1. Define the problem. 2. Identify the decision criteria. 3. Allocate weights to the criteria. 4.
Develop the alternatives. 5. Evaluate the alternatives. 6. Select the best alternative.
bounded rationality
A less-than-perfect form of rationality in which decision makers cannot be perfectly
rational because decisions are complex and complete information is unavailable or cannot
be fully processed
intuitive decision making
An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
anchoring bias
A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust
for subsequent information.
confirmation bias
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that
contradicts past judgments.
availability bias
