CHAPTER 13: Fundamentals of Nursing, 2nd Edition – Active Learning for Collaborative Practice by Yoost & Crawford

Fundamentals of Nursing, 2nd Edition – Active Learning for Collaborative Practice by Yoost & Crawford Chapter 13: Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which type of research involves testing the application of theories in different situations with diverse populations? A. Applied research B. Clinical research C. Basic research D. Quantitative research Answer: A Explanation: Applied research tests theories in real-world settings to solve practical problems, unlike basic research, which generates theories. Clinical research focuses on intervention effectiveness, while quantitative research uses numerical data. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B is incorrect because clinical research tests interventions, not theories. C is incorrect as basic research generates theories rather than applying them. D is incorrect because quantitative research refers to data type, not theory application. 2. How do the ANA standards of professional performance impact nurses regarding research? A. Nurses must regulate practice based solely on the latest journal articles. B. Nurses must use the best available evidence to guide practice decisions. C. Only advanced practice nurses need to participate in research. D. Evidence-based practice can develop procedures but not policies. Answer: B Explanation: ANA standards mandate using the best evidence (e.g., research findings) for practice decisions and encourage research participation at all education levels. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because practice integrates multiple evidence sources, not just journals. C is incorrect as all nurses should engage in research. D is incorrect because EBP informs both policies and procedures. 3. A nurse reviews a study with numerical data. Which research type is this likely to be? A. Qualitative B. Experimental C. Quasi-experimental D. Quantitative Answer: D Explanation: Quantitative research uses numerical data to analyze relationships or differences, unlike qualitative research, which focuses on narratives. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because qualitative research uses words, not numbers. B and C are incorrect as experimental/quasi-experimental designs explore causality, not data type. 4. A nurse observes a phenomenon and wants to generate a hypothesis through observation. Which research approach is best? A. Correlational study B. Experimental study C. Descriptive study D. Quasi-experimental study Answer: C Explanation: Descriptive research identifies characteristics of a phenomenon without manipulating variables, ideal for hypothesis generation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because correlational studies examine relationships, not initial observations. B and D are incorrect as they involve variable manipulation. 5. Which concept underpins qualitative research? A. Reality is socially constructed and varies by individual. B. Reality is fixed and identical for everyone. C. It uses deductive reasoning. D. It generalizes from specific facts. Answer: A Explanation: Qualitative research assumes reality is subjective and shaped by personal experiences, using inductive reasoning to explore narratives. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B is incorrect because qualitative research rejects a single objective reality. C is incorrect as it uses inductive, not deductive, reasoning. D is incorrect because it describes inductive reasoning, not the philosophical basis. 6. Which statement describes quantitative research? A. It assumes reality is fixed and measurable. B. It uses inductive reasoning. C. It seeks knowledge through observation only. D. Data are presented narratively. Answer: A Explanation: Quantitative research assumes an objective, measurable reality and uses deductive reasoning to test hypotheses. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B is incorrect because quantitative research is deductive. C is incorrect as it relies on experimentation, not passive observation. D is incorrect because data are numerical, not narrative. 7. A nurse researches organ donation discussions with families. Which qualitative method fits? A. Grounded theory B. Ethnography C. Historical research D. Phenomenology Answer: D Explanation: Phenomenology explores lived experiences (e.g., nurses’ emotional challenges during organ donation conversations). Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because grounded theory develops new theories. B is incorrect as ethnography studies cultural groups. C is incorrect because historical research examines past events. 8. After identifying a research problem, what is the nurse’s next step? A. Conduct a literature review B. Address ethical procedures C. Collect data D. Analyze data Answer: A Explanation: A literature review contextualizes the problem by identifying existing knowledge gaps before designing the study. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B, C, and D are incorrect because ethics, data collection, and analysis occur after the literature review. 9. A nurse merges statistical results from related studies. Which review type is this? A. Meta-analysis B. Integrative review C. Systematic review D. Grounded theory Answer: A Explanation: Meta-analysis combines statistical data from multiple studies to identify patterns or discrepancies. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B is incorrect because integrative reviews synthesize findings without statistical merging. C is incorrect as systematic reviews evaluate study quality, not statistics. D is incorrect because grounded theory generates new theories. 10. In a study on antihypertensive medication, the medication is which variable? A. Dependent B. Independent C. Treatment D. Controlled Answer: B Explanation: The independent variable is the intervention (medication) being tested for its effect on blood pressure (dependent variable). Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because the dependent variable is the outcome (blood pressure). C and D are incorrect as they describe aspects of study design, not variable roles. 11. To ensure study results are due to treatment, what must a nurse include? A. Treatment group B. Independent variable C. Dependent variable D. Control group Answer: D Explanation: A control group isolates the treatment’s effect by comparing outcomes with non treated subjects, reducing bias. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because the treatment group alone cannot prove causality. B and C are incorrect as variables are inherent to all studies, not just controlled ones. 12. What is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? A. Approve animal research B. Approve non-government-funded studies C. Operate differently than journals D. Protect human research subjects Answer: D Explanation: IRBs ensure ethical treatment of human subjects, including informed consent and risk minimization, regardless of funding. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because IRBs focus on human, not animal, research. B is incorrect as IRBs review all human studies. C is incorrect because IRBs and journals share ethical standards. 13. For valid consent in a diabetic study, what must the nurse do? A. Simplify technical terms like "postprandial." B. Minimize explanations to reduce stress. C. Withhold potential risks. D. Demand immediate consent. Answer: A Explanation: Consent requires clear, jargon-free explanations of procedures, risks, and voluntary participation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B and C are incorrect because omitting information violates ethical standards. D is incorrect as participants need time to decide. 14. A nurse plans to share audiotaped interviews. What is required? A. Prevent participants from hearing tapes. B. No steps if tapes involve groups. C. No steps if quotes are anonymized. D. Obtain participant releases. Answer: D Explanation: Releases are mandatory for sharing identifiable data (e.g., voices), ensuring participants consent to dissemination. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because participants must review tapes before release. B and C are incorrect as confidentiality applies even in groups or anonymized quotes. 15. What defines a human research subject? A. Data collected without interaction. B. Private information not meant for public disclosure. C. No environmental manipulation. D. No communication during research. Answer: B Explanation: Human subjects involve interaction/intervention or private data (e.g., medical records) protected by confidentiality. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A, C, and D are incorrect because human subjects often require interaction, environmental changes, or communication. 16. How should a nurse analyze qualitative data? A. Content analysis B. Statistical analysis C. Coding themes D. Dissemination Answer: A Explanation: Qualitative data (e.g., interview transcripts) are analyzed for themes via content analysis, not statistics. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B is incorrect because statistical analysis is for quantitative data. C is incorrect as coding is part of content analysis. D is incorrect because dissemination shares results post-analysis. 17. When should a nurse devise a dissemination plan? A. After the study concludes B. Post-literature review C. At the study’s start D. During data collection Answer: C Explanation: Early planning ensures results reach stakeholders (e.g., clinicians, policymakers) effectively post-study. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A, B, and D are incorrect because dissemination planning should precede data collection and analysis. 18. What is true about applying research to practice? A. Bedside access to research is easy. B. Articles clearly define nursing practice. C. Bedside care is unrelated to research. D. Research should improve care quality. Answer: D Explanation: Research bridges theory and practice, guiding evidence-based interventions to enhance outcomes. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because nurses often lack time/resources to access research. B is incorrect as articles require critical appraisal. C is incorrect because bedside care relies on evidence. 19. In PICO, what does "O" represent? A. Objectivity B. Ordinal approach C. Outcome D. Observer Answer: C Explanation: PICO stands for Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome, framing clinical questions for research. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A, B, and D are incorrect because they misrepresent the PICO acronym. 20. What occurs in the third phase of evidence-based research? A. Searching for and evaluating evidence B. Assessing the problem C. Developing a question D. Critical appraisal Answer: A Explanation: Phase 3 involves searching databases (e.g., Cochrane) for evidence to answer the PICO question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B is incorrect because problem assessment is phase 1. C is incorrect as question development is phase 2. D is incorrect because critical appraisal follows evidence retrieval. 21. Which resource provides the most reliable evidence for treatment decisions? A. Cochrane Reviews B. UpToDate C. STAT!Ref D. MD Consult Answer: A Explanation: Cochrane Reviews synthesize high-quality evidence (e.g., RCTs) to guide clinical decisions, unlike background resources (B-D). Why Other Options Are Wrong: B, C, and D are incorrect because they provide general information, not pre-evaluated evidence. MULTIPLE RESPONSE QUESTIONS 1. How did Florence Nightingale pioneer evidence-based practice? (Select all that apply.) A. Used trial, error, and observation B. Applied statistics to improve health C. Created pie charts for data display D. Ignored nursing education E. Published the first EBP journal Answer: A, B, C Explanation: Nightingale’s methods included observation, statistical analysis, and data visualization, laying EBP foundations. The first EBP journal emerged in 1998. Why Other Options Are Wrong: D is incorrect because she advanced nursing education. E is incorrect as the first EBP journal postdated her work. 2. What are barriers to EBP implementation? (Select all that apply.) A. Nurses critiquing research B. Difficulty teaching EBP methods C. Excessive literature volume D. Rapid research-to-practice translation E. Organizational resistance to funding Answer: B, C, E Explanation: Barriers include training gaps, literature overload, and funding reluctance. Research-to-practice delays average 17 years. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because research critique supports EBP. D is incorrect due to slow implementation timelines. 3. What actions do nurses take when implementing EBP? (Select all that apply.) A. Develop clinical questions B. Conduct workshops C. Seek evidence for decisions D. Apply findings to patients E. Publish bulletins Answer: A, C, D Explanation: EBP involves question formulation, evidence retrieval, and clinical application. Workshops and bulletins are dissemination tools, not core steps. Why Other Options Are Wrong: B and E are incorrect because they are dissemination methods, not implementation actions. 4. What characterizes a Magnet hospital? (Select all that apply.) A. Excellent medical outcomes B. High nurse job satisfaction C. Few grievances D. Superior nursing-driven outcomes E. EBP support Answer: B, D, E Explanation: Magnet hospitals excel in nurse satisfaction, patient outcomes, and EBP culture. Medical outcomes (A) and grievances (C) are not defining features. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A is incorrect because Magnet status focuses on nursing, not medical, outcomes. C is incorrect as grievance resolution matters more than quantity.