NUR211 Final Exam (100 Q/A) / NUR 211 Final Exam
(Latest, 2025): Fundamentals of Professional Nursing:
Rasmussen College
/. what does the use of accessory muscles indicate - Answer-an attempt to increase
lung volume that results in fatigue is not effective ventilation. indicates ventilatory
fatigue, air hunger, or decreased lung expansion
/.how does oxygenation of tissues take place - Answer-ventilation; the process of
moving gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion; the cardiovascular system pumping oxygenated blood to the tissues and
return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion; exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
/.how are respirations regulated (chemical and neural) - Answer-neural regulation- CNS
controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm and cerbral cortex control voluntary
respirations
chemical regulation - maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in
the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2 and in pH, SO the chemoreceptors sense
these changes in chemicals and stimulate the nervous system to adjust
/.Factors affecting oxygenation - physiology - Answer-decreased o2 carrying capacity,
hypovolemia (low blood volume, less hemoglobin to carry O2 through vessels),
decreased inspired O2 conc., increased metabolic rate (infection, sepsis),
/.factors affecting oxygenation - chest wall movement - Answer-prgnancy, obesity,
neuromuscular disease, musculoskeletal deformities, trauma, alterations to CNS
/.COPD and oxygenation - Answer--these pts have adapted to a high level of CO2, so
the CO2 sensitive receptors do not function
-COPD pts stimulus to breathe is low O2, while normally it is high CO2
-receptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies are sensitive to low O2 level causing
increased ventilation when low O2
-SO, administering high levels of O2 to these pts prevents their O2 level from falling and
stimulating the receptors, which REMOVES THEIR STIMULUS TO BREATHE
/.hyper and hypo ventilation - Answer-hyper- breathing in excess of what is required to
remove CO2
hypo- inadequate breathing to meet bodys O2 demands or needs to eliminate CO2
/.nursing notes on oxygenation - developmental factors - Answer--mental status
changes are 1st sign of respiratory problem
,-may not complain of dyspea until it affects ADLs
- changes in coughing mechanism may lead to retention of secretions and atelectasis
(when using cough suppressants)
-diminshed respiratory muscles from changes in thorax lead to issues w chest
expansion
/.nursing note on oxygenation - lifestyle - Answer-smoking (heart disease, COPD, lung
cancer), substance abuse (impairs tissue perfusion), stress (increases metabolic rate
and oxygen demand of the body)
/.nursing note on oxygenation - environmental factors - Answer-the incidence of
pulmonary disease is higher in smoggy, urban areas
-work place risks include asbestosis, coccidiodomycosis
/.thorough assessment of oxygenation and systems - Answer-past impairments of
circulatory or respiratory function, methods pt uses to optimize oxygenation, review of
allergies, physical examination, lab and diagnostic tests.
-HX of chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, resp. infections, meds, fatigue, cough, smoking,
exposures
-EXAMINE skin and mucous membranes, LOC, breathing patterns, chest wall
movement, palpate chest, feet, legs, pulses, auscultate heart and lung sounds
/.how to assess breath sounds - Answer-rate, volume (shallow or deep), rhythm (regular
or irregular), effort, AP:LAT diameter (1:2), cough (productive or not) - amt., color,
consistency, odor
/.what causes decreased or absent breath sounds - Answer-pneumothorax,
emphysema, removed lung lobes, obstruction, atelectasis
/.difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia - Answer-hypoxia - inadequate tissue
oxygenation at cell level
hypoxemia - low level of oxygen in arterial blood
/.what is a more invasive way than pulse oximetry of determining level of oxygenation -
Answer-arterial blood gases (ABGs) - invasive way to measure partial pressure of O2 in
blood. NORMAL 80-100
/.acute hypoxia - Answer-SUDDEN - causes? - obstructed airway, pulmonary embolism,
impaired ventilation (asthma, pneumonia)
SX- anxious, sitting up, increased RR and HR, confusion, behavior changes, nasal
flaring - cyanosis is a late sign
/.chronic hypoxia - Answer-long term - Causes? - COPD, anemia, impaired ventilation,
cardiac abnormalities
SX- fatigue, lethargy, clubbed fingers, barrel chest, SOA, paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea, orthopnea, activity intolerance
, /.define orthopnea - Answer-shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat
/.an H+H diagnostic blood test - Answer-hematocrit - % of total blood volume made up
by RBCs
MALE - 42-52% FEMALE - 37-47%
= decreased levels are called anemia
hemoglobin - iron containing pigment of RBC
MALE - 14-18 FEMALE 12-16
/.ways to promote oxygenation - Answer-monitor hydration, humidification, administer
inhalant medications (expectorants, mucolytics, bronchodilators, anti inflammatory
agents), teach coughing and breathing, perform chest physiotherapy, suction airway,
artificial airways
/.what is a method that a nurse can teach the pt to do to increase air to lower lungs -
Answer-diaphragmatic breathing - belly breathing
/.what is a method you can teach your pts to prevent alveolar collapse - Answer-pursed
lip breathing - take a deep breath and exhale slowly through pursed lips as if blowing
through a straw - exhalation is longer than inhalation phase
-used to expell as much air as possible and prevent atelectasis in COPD pts
/.different types of airways - Answer-oral - displaces tongue to prevent obstruction of
trachea
endotracheal - short term use to ventilate, relieve upper airways obstruction, protect
against aspiration, clear secretions
tracheosotomy - long term - incision made into trachea
/.indications for a tracheostomy - Answer-acute airway obstruction, airway obstruction,
after head/neck surgery, facilitate removal of secretions
-less damage to the airway, more comfortable, allowed to eat, mobility improved
/.what is the purpose of a cuff - Answer-helps prevent aspiration, helps ventilator give
stronger breaths
/.what are the indications for CPAP - Answer-sleep apnea or heart failure
/.what are indications for a bi-pap - Answer-respiratory failure, pulmonary edema,
exacerbation of COPD
/.describe the nasal cannula and indications for use - Answer-administers low
concentrations (24-44%), usually administered at 1-6L/min - check for skin breakdown
around ears and cheeks
(Latest, 2025): Fundamentals of Professional Nursing:
Rasmussen College
/. what does the use of accessory muscles indicate - Answer-an attempt to increase
lung volume that results in fatigue is not effective ventilation. indicates ventilatory
fatigue, air hunger, or decreased lung expansion
/.how does oxygenation of tissues take place - Answer-ventilation; the process of
moving gases into and out of the lungs
perfusion; the cardiovascular system pumping oxygenated blood to the tissues and
return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
diffusion; exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
/.how are respirations regulated (chemical and neural) - Answer-neural regulation- CNS
controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm and cerbral cortex control voluntary
respirations
chemical regulation - maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in
the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2 and in pH, SO the chemoreceptors sense
these changes in chemicals and stimulate the nervous system to adjust
/.Factors affecting oxygenation - physiology - Answer-decreased o2 carrying capacity,
hypovolemia (low blood volume, less hemoglobin to carry O2 through vessels),
decreased inspired O2 conc., increased metabolic rate (infection, sepsis),
/.factors affecting oxygenation - chest wall movement - Answer-prgnancy, obesity,
neuromuscular disease, musculoskeletal deformities, trauma, alterations to CNS
/.COPD and oxygenation - Answer--these pts have adapted to a high level of CO2, so
the CO2 sensitive receptors do not function
-COPD pts stimulus to breathe is low O2, while normally it is high CO2
-receptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies are sensitive to low O2 level causing
increased ventilation when low O2
-SO, administering high levels of O2 to these pts prevents their O2 level from falling and
stimulating the receptors, which REMOVES THEIR STIMULUS TO BREATHE
/.hyper and hypo ventilation - Answer-hyper- breathing in excess of what is required to
remove CO2
hypo- inadequate breathing to meet bodys O2 demands or needs to eliminate CO2
/.nursing notes on oxygenation - developmental factors - Answer--mental status
changes are 1st sign of respiratory problem
,-may not complain of dyspea until it affects ADLs
- changes in coughing mechanism may lead to retention of secretions and atelectasis
(when using cough suppressants)
-diminshed respiratory muscles from changes in thorax lead to issues w chest
expansion
/.nursing note on oxygenation - lifestyle - Answer-smoking (heart disease, COPD, lung
cancer), substance abuse (impairs tissue perfusion), stress (increases metabolic rate
and oxygen demand of the body)
/.nursing note on oxygenation - environmental factors - Answer-the incidence of
pulmonary disease is higher in smoggy, urban areas
-work place risks include asbestosis, coccidiodomycosis
/.thorough assessment of oxygenation and systems - Answer-past impairments of
circulatory or respiratory function, methods pt uses to optimize oxygenation, review of
allergies, physical examination, lab and diagnostic tests.
-HX of chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, resp. infections, meds, fatigue, cough, smoking,
exposures
-EXAMINE skin and mucous membranes, LOC, breathing patterns, chest wall
movement, palpate chest, feet, legs, pulses, auscultate heart and lung sounds
/.how to assess breath sounds - Answer-rate, volume (shallow or deep), rhythm (regular
or irregular), effort, AP:LAT diameter (1:2), cough (productive or not) - amt., color,
consistency, odor
/.what causes decreased or absent breath sounds - Answer-pneumothorax,
emphysema, removed lung lobes, obstruction, atelectasis
/.difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia - Answer-hypoxia - inadequate tissue
oxygenation at cell level
hypoxemia - low level of oxygen in arterial blood
/.what is a more invasive way than pulse oximetry of determining level of oxygenation -
Answer-arterial blood gases (ABGs) - invasive way to measure partial pressure of O2 in
blood. NORMAL 80-100
/.acute hypoxia - Answer-SUDDEN - causes? - obstructed airway, pulmonary embolism,
impaired ventilation (asthma, pneumonia)
SX- anxious, sitting up, increased RR and HR, confusion, behavior changes, nasal
flaring - cyanosis is a late sign
/.chronic hypoxia - Answer-long term - Causes? - COPD, anemia, impaired ventilation,
cardiac abnormalities
SX- fatigue, lethargy, clubbed fingers, barrel chest, SOA, paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea, orthopnea, activity intolerance
, /.define orthopnea - Answer-shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat
/.an H+H diagnostic blood test - Answer-hematocrit - % of total blood volume made up
by RBCs
MALE - 42-52% FEMALE - 37-47%
= decreased levels are called anemia
hemoglobin - iron containing pigment of RBC
MALE - 14-18 FEMALE 12-16
/.ways to promote oxygenation - Answer-monitor hydration, humidification, administer
inhalant medications (expectorants, mucolytics, bronchodilators, anti inflammatory
agents), teach coughing and breathing, perform chest physiotherapy, suction airway,
artificial airways
/.what is a method that a nurse can teach the pt to do to increase air to lower lungs -
Answer-diaphragmatic breathing - belly breathing
/.what is a method you can teach your pts to prevent alveolar collapse - Answer-pursed
lip breathing - take a deep breath and exhale slowly through pursed lips as if blowing
through a straw - exhalation is longer than inhalation phase
-used to expell as much air as possible and prevent atelectasis in COPD pts
/.different types of airways - Answer-oral - displaces tongue to prevent obstruction of
trachea
endotracheal - short term use to ventilate, relieve upper airways obstruction, protect
against aspiration, clear secretions
tracheosotomy - long term - incision made into trachea
/.indications for a tracheostomy - Answer-acute airway obstruction, airway obstruction,
after head/neck surgery, facilitate removal of secretions
-less damage to the airway, more comfortable, allowed to eat, mobility improved
/.what is the purpose of a cuff - Answer-helps prevent aspiration, helps ventilator give
stronger breaths
/.what are the indications for CPAP - Answer-sleep apnea or heart failure
/.what are indications for a bi-pap - Answer-respiratory failure, pulmonary edema,
exacerbation of COPD
/.describe the nasal cannula and indications for use - Answer-administers low
concentrations (24-44%), usually administered at 1-6L/min - check for skin breakdown
around ears and cheeks
