CRJS 1001- MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(GRADED A+)
Codenomicon - ANSWERA security company that discovered a security flaw or bug
in April 2014 that left many computer systems vulnerable to cybercriminals. The logo
"Heartbleed" was created by the company to promote public awareness.
consensus crimes - ANSWERactivities that are generally considered very harmful;
therefore there is strong support for sanctioning and controlling them
Conventional crime - ANSWERIllegal activity committed by individuals or small
groups, involving some degree of direct or indirect contact, e.g. robbery, vehicle
theft, and break-and-enter
Crime - ANSWERa socially relative concept defining certain behaviours as requiring
formal control and social intervention
crime rate - ANSWERThe number of criminal offences in a category, recorded in a
fixed ratio, such as per 100,000 people
criminologist - ANSWERA behavioural scientist who specializes in the identification,
classification, and description of criminal behaviour
Criminology - ANSWERAn interdisciplinary science that studies criminal behaviour,
crime causation, crime prevention, and the punishment and rehabilitation of
offenders
Decriminalization - ANSWERThe reduction or removal of criminal penalties attached
to an act but without legalizing it
Deviance - ANSWERBehaviour that violates a social norm but is not necessarily
prohibited by law (e.g. butting in line at a supermarket or cutting off another driver)
Etiology - ANSWERThe study of the origins or causes of a phenomenon
Evolutive - ANSWERwhen applied to crime, the idea that the characteristics of crime
can change, taking different forms over time.
Indictable offence - ANSWERA serious offence such as assault, theft over $5000,
robbery (with or without a firearm), or murder
Interdisciplinary approach - ANSWERIn criminology, the integration of knowledge
from a variety of disci- plines to formulate theories of criminal behaviour
Non‐conventional crime - ANSWERIllegal activity that may not be associated with
crime and that may not be pursued by the criminal justice system (e.g. organized
crime, political crime, and cybercrime).
, Penology - ANSWERthe study of the punishment of crime and of prison
management
Relative - ANSWERWhen applied to crime, the idea that what is defined as crime
can vary with time and location
Sociology of law - ANSWERAn area focusing on the social order, social conflict,
power relations and the origins of law and legal thought
Summary offence - ANSWERA less serious offence, such as theft under $5000,
impersonating a police officer, or taking a motor vehicle without consent
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham - ANSWEREarly Enlightenment thinkers who
based their arguments in support of penal reform on humanitarian and philosophical
principles (pre-scientific)
Denis Szabo - ANSWERLaunched the criminology program at the University of
Montreal in 1960 and has been deemed the "founding father of Canadian
criminology."
John Hagan - ANSWERFormer University of Toronto criminology professor who
developed a schematic diagram to illustrate the difference between crime and
deviance
Net widening - ANSWERThe process by which the state expands its control over
behaviour through changes to sentencing laws and administrative policies (e.g.
sexual assault)
Operationalization - ANSWERThe definition of criminological concepts or
phenomena in such a way that they can be observed and measured scientifically
Paradigm shift - ANSWERA fundamental change in the prevailing model or
theoretical orientation
Random error - ANSWERAn error in data collection that occurs because of an
intervening variable that could not have been foreseen
Karl Marx - ANSWERArgued that economic factors lie at the root of all social
phenomena, including crime.
Leon Radzinowicz - ANSWERAn English criminologist who was an early advocate of
an interdisciplinary approach to the study of criminology
Maurice Parmelee - ANSWERPublished the first criminology textbook
Paul Topinard and Raffaele Garofalo - ANSWER1879, used term criminology to refer
to the study of punishment and treatment of criminals
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(GRADED A+)
Codenomicon - ANSWERA security company that discovered a security flaw or bug
in April 2014 that left many computer systems vulnerable to cybercriminals. The logo
"Heartbleed" was created by the company to promote public awareness.
consensus crimes - ANSWERactivities that are generally considered very harmful;
therefore there is strong support for sanctioning and controlling them
Conventional crime - ANSWERIllegal activity committed by individuals or small
groups, involving some degree of direct or indirect contact, e.g. robbery, vehicle
theft, and break-and-enter
Crime - ANSWERa socially relative concept defining certain behaviours as requiring
formal control and social intervention
crime rate - ANSWERThe number of criminal offences in a category, recorded in a
fixed ratio, such as per 100,000 people
criminologist - ANSWERA behavioural scientist who specializes in the identification,
classification, and description of criminal behaviour
Criminology - ANSWERAn interdisciplinary science that studies criminal behaviour,
crime causation, crime prevention, and the punishment and rehabilitation of
offenders
Decriminalization - ANSWERThe reduction or removal of criminal penalties attached
to an act but without legalizing it
Deviance - ANSWERBehaviour that violates a social norm but is not necessarily
prohibited by law (e.g. butting in line at a supermarket or cutting off another driver)
Etiology - ANSWERThe study of the origins or causes of a phenomenon
Evolutive - ANSWERwhen applied to crime, the idea that the characteristics of crime
can change, taking different forms over time.
Indictable offence - ANSWERA serious offence such as assault, theft over $5000,
robbery (with or without a firearm), or murder
Interdisciplinary approach - ANSWERIn criminology, the integration of knowledge
from a variety of disci- plines to formulate theories of criminal behaviour
Non‐conventional crime - ANSWERIllegal activity that may not be associated with
crime and that may not be pursued by the criminal justice system (e.g. organized
crime, political crime, and cybercrime).
, Penology - ANSWERthe study of the punishment of crime and of prison
management
Relative - ANSWERWhen applied to crime, the idea that what is defined as crime
can vary with time and location
Sociology of law - ANSWERAn area focusing on the social order, social conflict,
power relations and the origins of law and legal thought
Summary offence - ANSWERA less serious offence, such as theft under $5000,
impersonating a police officer, or taking a motor vehicle without consent
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham - ANSWEREarly Enlightenment thinkers who
based their arguments in support of penal reform on humanitarian and philosophical
principles (pre-scientific)
Denis Szabo - ANSWERLaunched the criminology program at the University of
Montreal in 1960 and has been deemed the "founding father of Canadian
criminology."
John Hagan - ANSWERFormer University of Toronto criminology professor who
developed a schematic diagram to illustrate the difference between crime and
deviance
Net widening - ANSWERThe process by which the state expands its control over
behaviour through changes to sentencing laws and administrative policies (e.g.
sexual assault)
Operationalization - ANSWERThe definition of criminological concepts or
phenomena in such a way that they can be observed and measured scientifically
Paradigm shift - ANSWERA fundamental change in the prevailing model or
theoretical orientation
Random error - ANSWERAn error in data collection that occurs because of an
intervening variable that could not have been foreseen
Karl Marx - ANSWERArgued that economic factors lie at the root of all social
phenomena, including crime.
Leon Radzinowicz - ANSWERAn English criminologist who was an early advocate of
an interdisciplinary approach to the study of criminology
Maurice Parmelee - ANSWERPublished the first criminology textbook
Paul Topinard and Raffaele Garofalo - ANSWER1879, used term criminology to refer
to the study of punishment and treatment of criminals
