PSYC-140 Final Exam
longitudinal study design - answer following individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points
cross-sectional study - answer comparing different age groups at the same time
naturalistic observation - answer research method in which one observes a subject
outside of a research setting
case study - answer research method involving a direct observation of a patient;
interviewing in great detail
study/interview - answer research method in which surveys administered anonymously
or asked in and interview format in-person
correlational research - answerresearch method of seeing how two variables relate;
looking at strength and direction of relationship
experiments - answerresearch method in which you tightly control the variables, setting,
and participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
Hawthorne effect - answerA change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the
awareness of being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - answer- naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - answerultrasound, amniocentesis, and
chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
ultrasound - answerprenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to
create an image of the baby
amniocentesis - answerPrenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of the
amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic
abnormalities
,chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - answerPrenatal diagnostic technique in which a small
sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain
genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - answerpassive,
evocative, and active
passive genotype-environment interaction - answerparents provide genetic disposition
and nurturing context to foster certain qualities
evocative genotype-environment interaction - answerparents provide genetic
predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their
development
active genotype-environment interaction - answerparents provide genetic predisposition
that results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster
development of certain qualities
three periods of neonatal development - answergerminal, embryonic, and fetal
germinal period - answerweek 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
embryonic period - answerweek 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
fetal period - answermonth 2-9
major growth and development
teratogens - answeragents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth defect
which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - answer- gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? - answerAround week 3 through week 8
why is stress a teratogen? - answerstress causes blood to be directed away from fetus
and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal
HR
why is cognitive development more susceptible? - answerbrain develops all throughout
pregnancy
what are the three phases of childbirth? - answer- early & active labor
- delivery of baby
, - delivery of the placenta
early labor and active labor - answer- longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
delivery of baby - answer- begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
delivery of placenta - answer- 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
three drugs used in childbirth - answeranalgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
Analgesia vs Anesthesia - answerdrugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics,
tranquilizers, and barbiturates
anesthesia - answerdrugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
oxytocics - answerdrugs that stimulate contractions and induce labor
postpartum biological adjustments - answerinvolution, sleep adjustments, physical
healing
postpartum psychological adjustments - answercoordinating schedules, readjusting
social relationships, bonding with baby
pros and cons of naturalistic observation - answerpro: can observe natural behavior
con: can only study what you can see
pros and cons of case study - answerpro: rich and detailed info, especially in a rare
case
con: may not be applicable to other cases
pros and cons of surveys - answerpro: a lot of info, large sample, easy
con: self-reporting
pros and cons of correlational study - answerpro: investigate relationships
longitudinal study design - answer following individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points
cross-sectional study - answer comparing different age groups at the same time
naturalistic observation - answer research method in which one observes a subject
outside of a research setting
case study - answer research method involving a direct observation of a patient;
interviewing in great detail
study/interview - answer research method in which surveys administered anonymously
or asked in and interview format in-person
correlational research - answerresearch method of seeing how two variables relate;
looking at strength and direction of relationship
experiments - answerresearch method in which you tightly control the variables, setting,
and participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
Hawthorne effect - answerA change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the
awareness of being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - answer- naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - answerultrasound, amniocentesis, and
chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
ultrasound - answerprenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to
create an image of the baby
amniocentesis - answerPrenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of the
amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic
abnormalities
,chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - answerPrenatal diagnostic technique in which a small
sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain
genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - answerpassive,
evocative, and active
passive genotype-environment interaction - answerparents provide genetic disposition
and nurturing context to foster certain qualities
evocative genotype-environment interaction - answerparents provide genetic
predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their
development
active genotype-environment interaction - answerparents provide genetic predisposition
that results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster
development of certain qualities
three periods of neonatal development - answergerminal, embryonic, and fetal
germinal period - answerweek 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
embryonic period - answerweek 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
fetal period - answermonth 2-9
major growth and development
teratogens - answeragents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth defect
which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - answer- gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? - answerAround week 3 through week 8
why is stress a teratogen? - answerstress causes blood to be directed away from fetus
and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal
HR
why is cognitive development more susceptible? - answerbrain develops all throughout
pregnancy
what are the three phases of childbirth? - answer- early & active labor
- delivery of baby
, - delivery of the placenta
early labor and active labor - answer- longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
delivery of baby - answer- begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
delivery of placenta - answer- 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
three drugs used in childbirth - answeranalgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
Analgesia vs Anesthesia - answerdrugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics,
tranquilizers, and barbiturates
anesthesia - answerdrugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
oxytocics - answerdrugs that stimulate contractions and induce labor
postpartum biological adjustments - answerinvolution, sleep adjustments, physical
healing
postpartum psychological adjustments - answercoordinating schedules, readjusting
social relationships, bonding with baby
pros and cons of naturalistic observation - answerpro: can observe natural behavior
con: can only study what you can see
pros and cons of case study - answerpro: rich and detailed info, especially in a rare
case
con: may not be applicable to other cases
pros and cons of surveys - answerpro: a lot of info, large sample, easy
con: self-reporting
pros and cons of correlational study - answerpro: investigate relationships
