PSYCH 140 Module 2, Portage
Longitudinal study design - answer Follows individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points.
Advantages of longitudinal studies: - answer Phenomenon developmental or inherent
within an individual
Explore change over time vs. remain stable
Examples of longitudinal study design: - answerChildren asked about social groups at
ages 10, 13, and 15.
Disadvantages to longitudinal studies: - answerLonger: more time and resources
needed
Time commitment from participants (drop out)
Cross-sectional study - answerCompares different age groups at the same time.
Examples of cross-sectional study: - answerThree groups of children and teens who are
asked about social groups.
Advantages of cross-sectional studies: - answerFaster and cheaper
Less likely to drop out
Disadvantages to cross-sectional studies: - answerDoesn't follow over time
Doesn't observe development
Types of research design: - answer1) Naturalistic Observation
2) Case Study
3) Survey
4) Correlation Research
5) Experiments
Naturalistic observation - answerMethod where subject is observed in a natural location.
Naturalistic observation example: - answerObservation at school, park, coffee shop
Pros/Cons to naturalistic observation: - answerP: observing natural behavior
C: only accessing behavior observed
Case study - answerMethod involving direct observation and interviewing the participant
in great detail.
, Pros/Cons to case studies: - answerP: receive detailed information
C: subjective and can generalize
Survey - answera technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a
particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Pros/cons of surveys: - answerP: efficient, involvement
C: self report measures
Correlation research - answerStatistics indicating degree and direction of relationship
between variables.
Pros/cons of correlation research: - answerP: answers key questions
C: correlation does not equal causation
Example of correlation research: - answerDoes number of friends increase with age?
Degree of relation - answerHow strong the correlation is
Positive= both increase
Negative/Inverse= one increases, other decreases
Experiments - answerResearch design where setting, variables and participants are
controlled. One factor is manipulated.
Example of an experiment: - answerTreatment study
3 groups= psychotherapy, medication, and control
Treatment is manipulated.
What do prenatal diagnostic tests do (general)? - answerAllow parents and health
professionals to discern whether a baby is developing normally.
What are three prenatal diagnostic tests? - answer1) Ultrasound
2) Amniocentesis
3) Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Ultrasound - answerDirects high frequency sound waves into the mother's abdomen.
Types of ultrasound: - answerTransvaginal and transabdominal (most common)
Specialized sonographic evaluation (fetal abnormality)
3D ultrasound (facial abnormalities/nerual tube defects)
Doppler (baby's blood flow)
Fetal echocardiogram (detail baby's heart)
Fetal ultrasound uses: - answer1) confirm pregnancy and location
2) gestational age
3) confirm # of fetuses
Longitudinal study design - answer Follows individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points.
Advantages of longitudinal studies: - answer Phenomenon developmental or inherent
within an individual
Explore change over time vs. remain stable
Examples of longitudinal study design: - answerChildren asked about social groups at
ages 10, 13, and 15.
Disadvantages to longitudinal studies: - answerLonger: more time and resources
needed
Time commitment from participants (drop out)
Cross-sectional study - answerCompares different age groups at the same time.
Examples of cross-sectional study: - answerThree groups of children and teens who are
asked about social groups.
Advantages of cross-sectional studies: - answerFaster and cheaper
Less likely to drop out
Disadvantages to cross-sectional studies: - answerDoesn't follow over time
Doesn't observe development
Types of research design: - answer1) Naturalistic Observation
2) Case Study
3) Survey
4) Correlation Research
5) Experiments
Naturalistic observation - answerMethod where subject is observed in a natural location.
Naturalistic observation example: - answerObservation at school, park, coffee shop
Pros/Cons to naturalistic observation: - answerP: observing natural behavior
C: only accessing behavior observed
Case study - answerMethod involving direct observation and interviewing the participant
in great detail.
, Pros/Cons to case studies: - answerP: receive detailed information
C: subjective and can generalize
Survey - answera technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a
particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Pros/cons of surveys: - answerP: efficient, involvement
C: self report measures
Correlation research - answerStatistics indicating degree and direction of relationship
between variables.
Pros/cons of correlation research: - answerP: answers key questions
C: correlation does not equal causation
Example of correlation research: - answerDoes number of friends increase with age?
Degree of relation - answerHow strong the correlation is
Positive= both increase
Negative/Inverse= one increases, other decreases
Experiments - answerResearch design where setting, variables and participants are
controlled. One factor is manipulated.
Example of an experiment: - answerTreatment study
3 groups= psychotherapy, medication, and control
Treatment is manipulated.
What do prenatal diagnostic tests do (general)? - answerAllow parents and health
professionals to discern whether a baby is developing normally.
What are three prenatal diagnostic tests? - answer1) Ultrasound
2) Amniocentesis
3) Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Ultrasound - answerDirects high frequency sound waves into the mother's abdomen.
Types of ultrasound: - answerTransvaginal and transabdominal (most common)
Specialized sonographic evaluation (fetal abnormality)
3D ultrasound (facial abnormalities/nerual tube defects)
Doppler (baby's blood flow)
Fetal echocardiogram (detail baby's heart)
Fetal ultrasound uses: - answer1) confirm pregnancy and location
2) gestational age
3) confirm # of fetuses
