Psych 140
Chapter 1 - answer
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) - answer Infantile sexuality and the unconscious
Id - answer Primary processes (automatic)
Ego - answer Secondary processes (rational)
Superego - answer Cultural/Moral
Freud's Infant Stages - answer Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral Stage - answer Birth to age 1: receive nutrition via sucking, so focus of id. Explore
world through mouth, which is the erogenous zone
Anal Stage - answer Age 2-3: Potty training. Focus on the anus as a means of control.
Independence and autonomy
Phallic Stage - answer3-6 years: Id impulses transfer to the genitals, and the child finds
pleasure in genital stimulation
Latency - answer6-11 years: sexual instincts die down, and the superego develops
further
Genital Stage - answerAdolescence; Mature sexuality
Nature - answerOur biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents
Nurture - answerThe environments, both physical and social, that influence our
development
Genome - answerEach person's complete set of hereditary information; the complete
set of genes of any organism
Epigenetics - answerThe study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated
by the environment
Methylation - answerA biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing
gene activity and expression
, Continuous Development - answer*The idea that changes with age occur gradually, in
small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller
Discontinuous Development - answer*The idea that changes with age include
occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly
Cognitive-Developmental Theory (Piaget) - answerUsed observational study, many
interviews and some controlled experiments to form theory
Adaptation, Assimilation, Accommodation
Stage Theories - answerApproaches that propose that development involves a series of
discontinuous, age-related phases
Cognitive Development - answerThe development of thinking and reasoning
Effortful Attention - answerInvolves voluntary control of one's emotions and thoughts
Sociocultural Context - answer*The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical
circumstances that make up any child's mind
Core Knowledge Theory (Spelke) - answerInnate knowledge
about object, number, space
Shared with other non-human primates
Development may critically depend on
learning language
Scientific Method - answer*An approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a
question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion
Hypotheses - answerEducated guesses
Reliability - answerThe degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior
or measurements of a given behavior are consistent
Interrater Reliability - answerThe amount of agreement in the observations of different
raters who witness the same behavior
Test-Retest Reliability - answerThe degree of similarity of a child's performance on 2 or
more occasions
Validity - answerThe degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Internal Validity - answerThe degree to which effects observed within experiments can
be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing
Chapter 1 - answer
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) - answer Infantile sexuality and the unconscious
Id - answer Primary processes (automatic)
Ego - answer Secondary processes (rational)
Superego - answer Cultural/Moral
Freud's Infant Stages - answer Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral Stage - answer Birth to age 1: receive nutrition via sucking, so focus of id. Explore
world through mouth, which is the erogenous zone
Anal Stage - answer Age 2-3: Potty training. Focus on the anus as a means of control.
Independence and autonomy
Phallic Stage - answer3-6 years: Id impulses transfer to the genitals, and the child finds
pleasure in genital stimulation
Latency - answer6-11 years: sexual instincts die down, and the superego develops
further
Genital Stage - answerAdolescence; Mature sexuality
Nature - answerOur biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents
Nurture - answerThe environments, both physical and social, that influence our
development
Genome - answerEach person's complete set of hereditary information; the complete
set of genes of any organism
Epigenetics - answerThe study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated
by the environment
Methylation - answerA biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing
gene activity and expression
, Continuous Development - answer*The idea that changes with age occur gradually, in
small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller
Discontinuous Development - answer*The idea that changes with age include
occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly
Cognitive-Developmental Theory (Piaget) - answerUsed observational study, many
interviews and some controlled experiments to form theory
Adaptation, Assimilation, Accommodation
Stage Theories - answerApproaches that propose that development involves a series of
discontinuous, age-related phases
Cognitive Development - answerThe development of thinking and reasoning
Effortful Attention - answerInvolves voluntary control of one's emotions and thoughts
Sociocultural Context - answer*The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical
circumstances that make up any child's mind
Core Knowledge Theory (Spelke) - answerInnate knowledge
about object, number, space
Shared with other non-human primates
Development may critically depend on
learning language
Scientific Method - answer*An approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a
question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion
Hypotheses - answerEducated guesses
Reliability - answerThe degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior
or measurements of a given behavior are consistent
Interrater Reliability - answerThe amount of agreement in the observations of different
raters who witness the same behavior
Test-Retest Reliability - answerThe degree of similarity of a child's performance on 2 or
more occasions
Validity - answerThe degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
Internal Validity - answerThe degree to which effects observed within experiments can
be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing
