What is spondylolisthesis? - ANSWER Vertebra becomes anteriorly displaced,
L4/L5 or L5/S1
What is spondylosis? - ANSWER Degenerative change in the spine, commonly
affects the neck, and results in bone spur growths that can put pressure on the
spinal nerve/cord
What is spondylolysis? - ANSWER Structural deformity or fracture in the pars
interarticularis of L/S vertebrae, usually occurs at L4/L5 or L5/S1. Fracture or
elongation of the pars can case slippage of L4 on L5, or L5 over the sacrum
Treatment for spondylosis - ANSWER core strengthening (abdominals and
extensors, and general spine and LE flexibiliy)
Treatment for spondylolisthesis (anterolisthesis) - ANSWER Correction for an
anterior pelvic tilt to create more of an anterior shear force sliding the vertebra
more anteriorly
Treatment for spondylolysis - ANSWER core strengthening to stabilize and
possible exercises to correct an anterior pelvic tilt
What is scoliosis? - ANSWER lateral curvature of the spine
What is structural scoliosis? - ANSWER congenital malformation of the spine,
causes permanent change in the spine, and can also be secondary to paralysis
What is functional scoliosis? - ANSWER caused by pain, LLD, poor posture,
CNS, and appears to change configuration when the patient moves
,What is the basic treatment protocol for scoliosis? - ANSWER monitoring,
exercise programs, education, e-stim, skin care with braces, and following up
with physician after surgery
What degree of curvature would need a back brace for scoliosis? - ANSWER >
20 degrees
What degree would need surgery for scoliosis? - ANSWER > 40-45 degrees
What is kyphoscoliosis? - ANSWER wedge shaped thoracic vertebrae lead to
increase kyphosis
What age group is affected by kyphoscoliosis? - ANSWER 12-16 years old
atrophy - ANSWER reduction in cell size
hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size
metaplasia - ANSWER change of cell from one type to another
hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in # of cells
hypoplasia/involution - ANSWER decrease in # of cells
flaccidity - ANSWER complete lack of muscle tone
disuse atrophy - ANSWER (psychologic) prolonged inactivity
neurogenic atrophy - ANSWER motor nerve dysfunction
sprain - ANSWER over stretching of a ligament
strain - ANSWER over stretching of muscle or tendon
grade I strain - ANSWER damage to less than 5% of muscle fibers; requires 2-
3 weeks of rest
, grade II strain - ANSWER more extensive damage, but not complete rupture;
requires 3-6 weeks of rest
grade III strain - ANSWER complete rupture of the muscle, 3 months rehab;
surgical repair if sports related
general PT treatment of mm strains - ANSWER rest, analgesics, anti-
inflammatories, and moist heat
tendonitis - ANSWER inflammation of a tendon
PT treatment for tendonitis - ANSWER rest (activity modification), ice,
analgesics, anti-inflammatories, PROM
When pain decreases: AROM exercises, stretches, strengthening, gradual return
to activity, surgery if joint adhesions are apparent, chronic, and functionally
limiting
bursitis - ANSWER inflammation of a bursa
What does bursitis pain limit? - ANSWER ROM
medical treatment for bursitis - ANSWER analgesics, anti-inflammatories, rest
(activity modification), corticosteroids, drainage of fluid, and possible surgery
PT treatment for bursitis - ANSWER ROM, stretching
Depending on inflammation: pulsed ultrasound, iontophoresis, and thermal
modalities
plantar fasciitis - ANSWER Chronic inflammation of the plantar fascia
(aponeurosis)
What is the clinical manifestation for plantar fasciitis? - ANSWER pain along
the antero-medial border of the calcaneus on the plantar surface, pain is worse
in the morning, pain on palpation of the calcaneal tubercle, DF with toe
extension can increase symptoms (Windlass Test)
L4/L5 or L5/S1
What is spondylosis? - ANSWER Degenerative change in the spine, commonly
affects the neck, and results in bone spur growths that can put pressure on the
spinal nerve/cord
What is spondylolysis? - ANSWER Structural deformity or fracture in the pars
interarticularis of L/S vertebrae, usually occurs at L4/L5 or L5/S1. Fracture or
elongation of the pars can case slippage of L4 on L5, or L5 over the sacrum
Treatment for spondylosis - ANSWER core strengthening (abdominals and
extensors, and general spine and LE flexibiliy)
Treatment for spondylolisthesis (anterolisthesis) - ANSWER Correction for an
anterior pelvic tilt to create more of an anterior shear force sliding the vertebra
more anteriorly
Treatment for spondylolysis - ANSWER core strengthening to stabilize and
possible exercises to correct an anterior pelvic tilt
What is scoliosis? - ANSWER lateral curvature of the spine
What is structural scoliosis? - ANSWER congenital malformation of the spine,
causes permanent change in the spine, and can also be secondary to paralysis
What is functional scoliosis? - ANSWER caused by pain, LLD, poor posture,
CNS, and appears to change configuration when the patient moves
,What is the basic treatment protocol for scoliosis? - ANSWER monitoring,
exercise programs, education, e-stim, skin care with braces, and following up
with physician after surgery
What degree of curvature would need a back brace for scoliosis? - ANSWER >
20 degrees
What degree would need surgery for scoliosis? - ANSWER > 40-45 degrees
What is kyphoscoliosis? - ANSWER wedge shaped thoracic vertebrae lead to
increase kyphosis
What age group is affected by kyphoscoliosis? - ANSWER 12-16 years old
atrophy - ANSWER reduction in cell size
hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size
metaplasia - ANSWER change of cell from one type to another
hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in # of cells
hypoplasia/involution - ANSWER decrease in # of cells
flaccidity - ANSWER complete lack of muscle tone
disuse atrophy - ANSWER (psychologic) prolonged inactivity
neurogenic atrophy - ANSWER motor nerve dysfunction
sprain - ANSWER over stretching of a ligament
strain - ANSWER over stretching of muscle or tendon
grade I strain - ANSWER damage to less than 5% of muscle fibers; requires 2-
3 weeks of rest
, grade II strain - ANSWER more extensive damage, but not complete rupture;
requires 3-6 weeks of rest
grade III strain - ANSWER complete rupture of the muscle, 3 months rehab;
surgical repair if sports related
general PT treatment of mm strains - ANSWER rest, analgesics, anti-
inflammatories, and moist heat
tendonitis - ANSWER inflammation of a tendon
PT treatment for tendonitis - ANSWER rest (activity modification), ice,
analgesics, anti-inflammatories, PROM
When pain decreases: AROM exercises, stretches, strengthening, gradual return
to activity, surgery if joint adhesions are apparent, chronic, and functionally
limiting
bursitis - ANSWER inflammation of a bursa
What does bursitis pain limit? - ANSWER ROM
medical treatment for bursitis - ANSWER analgesics, anti-inflammatories, rest
(activity modification), corticosteroids, drainage of fluid, and possible surgery
PT treatment for bursitis - ANSWER ROM, stretching
Depending on inflammation: pulsed ultrasound, iontophoresis, and thermal
modalities
plantar fasciitis - ANSWER Chronic inflammation of the plantar fascia
(aponeurosis)
What is the clinical manifestation for plantar fasciitis? - ANSWER pain along
the antero-medial border of the calcaneus on the plantar surface, pain is worse
in the morning, pain on palpation of the calcaneal tubercle, DF with toe
extension can increase symptoms (Windlass Test)
