Chapter 4 Altered Cellular and Tissue
Biology: NSG 530 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Cellular Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER - Reversible response to physiologic (normal)
and pathologic (adverse) changes
ØAdaptations to pathological conditions are usually only temporarily successful
Adaptive changes
ØAtrophy
ØHypertrophy
ØHyperplasia
ØDysplasia
ØMetaplasia
Different levels of cellular adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER -
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - ØDecrease in cell size
ØDecreases organ size if enough cells shrink
ØPhysiologic
•Normal in early development
ØPathologic
•Results from decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal/neural
stimulation
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - ØIncrease in cell size
ØIncreases organ size
ØPhysiologic
•Results from increased demand, stimulation by hormones, growth factors
, ØPathologic
•Results from chronic hemodynamic overload
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - ØIncrease in number of cells
ØIncreased rate of cellular division
ØPhysiologic
•Compensatory—enables organs to regenerate
•Hormonal—in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal control
ØPathologic
•Hormonal—abnormal proliferation of normal cells
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - ØAbnormal changes in size, shape, organization of
mature cells
ØMay be reversible if triggering stimulus is removed
ØTissue appears disorderly, but is not cancer
•If changes penetrate basement membrane: invasive neoplasm
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - ØReversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another
ØAssociated with tissue damage, repair, regeneration
ØReprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (relating to differentiation
in stem cells)
Metaplasia and dysplasia in smokers - CORRECT ANSWER - Smokers have regular
columnar cells replaced with squamous cells as a metaplasia. Then after chronic damage it can
turn into dysplasia
Cellular Injury - CORRECT ANSWER - ØReversible
•Cells recover
Biology: NSG 530 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Cellular Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER - Reversible response to physiologic (normal)
and pathologic (adverse) changes
ØAdaptations to pathological conditions are usually only temporarily successful
Adaptive changes
ØAtrophy
ØHypertrophy
ØHyperplasia
ØDysplasia
ØMetaplasia
Different levels of cellular adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER -
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - ØDecrease in cell size
ØDecreases organ size if enough cells shrink
ØPhysiologic
•Normal in early development
ØPathologic
•Results from decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal/neural
stimulation
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER - ØIncrease in cell size
ØIncreases organ size
ØPhysiologic
•Results from increased demand, stimulation by hormones, growth factors
, ØPathologic
•Results from chronic hemodynamic overload
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - ØIncrease in number of cells
ØIncreased rate of cellular division
ØPhysiologic
•Compensatory—enables organs to regenerate
•Hormonal—in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal control
ØPathologic
•Hormonal—abnormal proliferation of normal cells
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - ØAbnormal changes in size, shape, organization of
mature cells
ØMay be reversible if triggering stimulus is removed
ØTissue appears disorderly, but is not cancer
•If changes penetrate basement membrane: invasive neoplasm
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER - ØReversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another
ØAssociated with tissue damage, repair, regeneration
ØReprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (relating to differentiation
in stem cells)
Metaplasia and dysplasia in smokers - CORRECT ANSWER - Smokers have regular
columnar cells replaced with squamous cells as a metaplasia. Then after chronic damage it can
turn into dysplasia
Cellular Injury - CORRECT ANSWER - ØReversible
•Cells recover
