MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING EXAM 2025-2026
EYE DISORDERS – HYPERMETROPIA (FARSIGHTEDNESS) QUESTION &
ANSWERS AND VISUAL CONCEPTS WITH RATIONALES
All Answers are in RED
What is hypermetropia?
long sightedness, whereby light ray convergence at a point after the retina, and therefore out of focus. Nearby
objects apphear blurry while distant objects are clearer
what is myopia?
near/short sightedness, close is clear, far is blurry
-usual starts in puberty and gets worse until eye is fully grown. also in very young children.
conditions associated with myopia?
squint- childhood eyes point in diff. directions.
lazy eye childhood, one eye. doesnt develop properly
glaucoma - IOC pressure.
cataracts - development of cloudy arches inside lenses.
Retinal detachment - whereby retina pulls away from the blood vessel that nourish it
What is astigmatism?
Failure to converge image at one point on the fovea (likea refraction rather than focusing)
Causes of astigmatism?
-Hereditary - corneal or lenticular
-Injuries to the cornea, such as infection that scars the cornea
keratoconus & kertoglobus - causes bulgin, thinner and shape change.
Some conditions of the eyelid
others that affect cornea or lense
What is presbyopia?
gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects. It's a natural part of aging 40-65yrs
Aetiology of bacterial conjunctivitis?
S.Aureus, Sterp. Pneumo or H.flu
also STIs chlamydia trachromatis, N.gonnorheae
what is opthalmia neonatorum?
chlamydia or gonorrheae infection from infected birth canal affecting 20-40%
,What is Episcleritis ?
Inflamationof localiased superficial episclera vascular network, most commonly diffuse (moderate to sever
inflam @1-3 month intervals)
-Nodular/focal episcleritis (can often present with associated systemic disease)
What are the classification of Allergic conjunctivitis?
type 1 hypersensitivity - seasonal (SAC)
perrenial - chronic (PAC)
Atopic - relates to eczema and athsma
gaint pappilary (GPC)
Limbal and tarsal kertaoconjuctivitis (VKC)
What is gaint pappilary Allergica conjunctivitis
inner lining of the eyelid swells and develops small bumps. Known as papillae, these bumps tend to form after
chronic irritation
what can cause a corneal abbration?
Direct trauma
Foreign body between eyelid and conjunctiva
Heat by contact
UV radiation (Arc Eye)
What can cause corneal ulcer?
can be secondary to abrasive trauma, pentrating injuries or prolonged use of contact lenses
What are dendritic ulcers?
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness.
- aggressive treatment -
Symptoms of Dendritic ulcers?
Pain
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
- with fluorescein staining and has a delicate branching pattern,
Appearance of dendritic ulcer on opthalmoscopy?
- infectious epithelial keratitis (with characteristic dendritic ulcers)
-neurotrophic keratopathy
-stromal keratitis endotheliitis (classified as disciform, diffuse, or linear)
what are the symptoms of keratic precipitates and anterior uveitis
,Pain, generally developing over a few hours or days except in cases of trauma:
Redness
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Increased lacrimation
Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and mild redness.
pain & photophobia normaly only during acute episode.
what are the symptoms of posterior Uveitis?
Blurred vision and floaters
Absence of symptoms of anterior uveitis (ie, pain, redness, and photophobia)
All parts of the posterior chamber may be affected, including the retina, choroid and optic nerve. It can be
caused by bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infections.
What are the findings of posterior Uveitis upon opthalmoscopy?
posterior uveitis Showing candle wax drippings (white areas)
Anterior uventis is linked to which non infectious diseases?
-Ankyolising spondilitis,
-behcet syndrom (ulcers eye,mouth & genitals),
-IBS,
-Juvenile arthritis, sarcoidosis (Granulomatous disease),
-seronegative arthropathy
Anterior uventis is linked to which infectious diseases?
HSV, SYphilis, TB & varicella zoster
Intermediate uventis (Cillary body to retina) is linked to which non-infectious disease?
Lymphoma, MS and sarcoidosis
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid layer) - is linked
which non-infectious diseases?
Behcets sydrome, lymphoma, sarcoidosis2
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid layer) - is linked
which infectious diseases?
CMV, endogenous encephalitis, syphalis. TB and varicella zoster
Toxicaris & toxoplasmosis
Workup for suspected uveitis?
CBC, ESR, Antinuclear antibody (ANA),
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL)
, Lyme titer
HLA testing for ankylosing spondylarthroses
Chest radiography (to assess for sarcoidosis or tuberculosis)
Urinalysis (for red blood cells or casts)
Infectious workup (eg, HIV, toxoplasmosis), depending on the presentation
What is a HYPOpyon
It is a leukocytic exudate, seen in the anterior chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and
the underlying episclera
-often co-inside with behcets disease, endophthalmitis, panuveitis/panopthalmitis & Averse drug reactions
what are anterior synchiae?
Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS)
Adhesions between the iris and trabecular meshwork
PAS result from prolonged appositional contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork
PAS may reduce outflow of aqueous humor
May lead to raised intraocular pressure
What are floaters?
Spots, threads, or fragments of cobwebs, which float slowly before the observer's eyes
commony collagen breaking down to fibrils, retinal tears and tear film debris of conjuctival surface
what are cateracts and how will a pateint present?
Gradual thickening of the lens.
Hx of progressive residual deteriation and disturbance in night & near vision
charectoristic of senile cataracts?
-decreased visual acuity
-glare
-Myopia or myopic shift
- monocular diplopia - abnormal curvature of corneal surface , created double vision in 1 eye!
What is intracapsular extraction?
Extraction of entire lens, including the posterior capsule and zonules,
caries postoperative comlications
What is extracapsular extraction
removal of the lens nucleus through an opening in the anterior capsule and a relatively large limbal incision,
with retention of the integrity of the posterior capsule
What is phacoemulsification
EYE DISORDERS – HYPERMETROPIA (FARSIGHTEDNESS) QUESTION &
ANSWERS AND VISUAL CONCEPTS WITH RATIONALES
All Answers are in RED
What is hypermetropia?
long sightedness, whereby light ray convergence at a point after the retina, and therefore out of focus. Nearby
objects apphear blurry while distant objects are clearer
what is myopia?
near/short sightedness, close is clear, far is blurry
-usual starts in puberty and gets worse until eye is fully grown. also in very young children.
conditions associated with myopia?
squint- childhood eyes point in diff. directions.
lazy eye childhood, one eye. doesnt develop properly
glaucoma - IOC pressure.
cataracts - development of cloudy arches inside lenses.
Retinal detachment - whereby retina pulls away from the blood vessel that nourish it
What is astigmatism?
Failure to converge image at one point on the fovea (likea refraction rather than focusing)
Causes of astigmatism?
-Hereditary - corneal or lenticular
-Injuries to the cornea, such as infection that scars the cornea
keratoconus & kertoglobus - causes bulgin, thinner and shape change.
Some conditions of the eyelid
others that affect cornea or lense
What is presbyopia?
gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects. It's a natural part of aging 40-65yrs
Aetiology of bacterial conjunctivitis?
S.Aureus, Sterp. Pneumo or H.flu
also STIs chlamydia trachromatis, N.gonnorheae
what is opthalmia neonatorum?
chlamydia or gonorrheae infection from infected birth canal affecting 20-40%
,What is Episcleritis ?
Inflamationof localiased superficial episclera vascular network, most commonly diffuse (moderate to sever
inflam @1-3 month intervals)
-Nodular/focal episcleritis (can often present with associated systemic disease)
What are the classification of Allergic conjunctivitis?
type 1 hypersensitivity - seasonal (SAC)
perrenial - chronic (PAC)
Atopic - relates to eczema and athsma
gaint pappilary (GPC)
Limbal and tarsal kertaoconjuctivitis (VKC)
What is gaint pappilary Allergica conjunctivitis
inner lining of the eyelid swells and develops small bumps. Known as papillae, these bumps tend to form after
chronic irritation
what can cause a corneal abbration?
Direct trauma
Foreign body between eyelid and conjunctiva
Heat by contact
UV radiation (Arc Eye)
What can cause corneal ulcer?
can be secondary to abrasive trauma, pentrating injuries or prolonged use of contact lenses
What are dendritic ulcers?
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness.
- aggressive treatment -
Symptoms of Dendritic ulcers?
Pain
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
- with fluorescein staining and has a delicate branching pattern,
Appearance of dendritic ulcer on opthalmoscopy?
- infectious epithelial keratitis (with characteristic dendritic ulcers)
-neurotrophic keratopathy
-stromal keratitis endotheliitis (classified as disciform, diffuse, or linear)
what are the symptoms of keratic precipitates and anterior uveitis
,Pain, generally developing over a few hours or days except in cases of trauma:
Redness
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Increased lacrimation
Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and mild redness.
pain & photophobia normaly only during acute episode.
what are the symptoms of posterior Uveitis?
Blurred vision and floaters
Absence of symptoms of anterior uveitis (ie, pain, redness, and photophobia)
All parts of the posterior chamber may be affected, including the retina, choroid and optic nerve. It can be
caused by bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infections.
What are the findings of posterior Uveitis upon opthalmoscopy?
posterior uveitis Showing candle wax drippings (white areas)
Anterior uventis is linked to which non infectious diseases?
-Ankyolising spondilitis,
-behcet syndrom (ulcers eye,mouth & genitals),
-IBS,
-Juvenile arthritis, sarcoidosis (Granulomatous disease),
-seronegative arthropathy
Anterior uventis is linked to which infectious diseases?
HSV, SYphilis, TB & varicella zoster
Intermediate uventis (Cillary body to retina) is linked to which non-infectious disease?
Lymphoma, MS and sarcoidosis
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid layer) - is linked
which non-infectious diseases?
Behcets sydrome, lymphoma, sarcoidosis2
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid layer) - is linked
which infectious diseases?
CMV, endogenous encephalitis, syphalis. TB and varicella zoster
Toxicaris & toxoplasmosis
Workup for suspected uveitis?
CBC, ESR, Antinuclear antibody (ANA),
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL)
, Lyme titer
HLA testing for ankylosing spondylarthroses
Chest radiography (to assess for sarcoidosis or tuberculosis)
Urinalysis (for red blood cells or casts)
Infectious workup (eg, HIV, toxoplasmosis), depending on the presentation
What is a HYPOpyon
It is a leukocytic exudate, seen in the anterior chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and
the underlying episclera
-often co-inside with behcets disease, endophthalmitis, panuveitis/panopthalmitis & Averse drug reactions
what are anterior synchiae?
Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS)
Adhesions between the iris and trabecular meshwork
PAS result from prolonged appositional contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork
PAS may reduce outflow of aqueous humor
May lead to raised intraocular pressure
What are floaters?
Spots, threads, or fragments of cobwebs, which float slowly before the observer's eyes
commony collagen breaking down to fibrils, retinal tears and tear film debris of conjuctival surface
what are cateracts and how will a pateint present?
Gradual thickening of the lens.
Hx of progressive residual deteriation and disturbance in night & near vision
charectoristic of senile cataracts?
-decreased visual acuity
-glare
-Myopia or myopic shift
- monocular diplopia - abnormal curvature of corneal surface , created double vision in 1 eye!
What is intracapsular extraction?
Extraction of entire lens, including the posterior capsule and zonules,
caries postoperative comlications
What is extracapsular extraction
removal of the lens nucleus through an opening in the anterior capsule and a relatively large limbal incision,
with retention of the integrity of the posterior capsule
What is phacoemulsification
