Life science and medicine
-cell wall contains nucleus, mitochondria, storage granules
-often forms a bud
- parent cell and bud contains vacuole
- once budding occurs, a scar remains on cell wall
Yeast have 3 membranes- cell membrane, vacuolar and nuclear membrane - correct
answer- cell wall contains nucleus, mitochondria, storage granules
-often forms a bud
- parent cell and bud contains vacuole
- once budding occurs, a scar remains on cell wa
2 causes of urogenital tract - correct answer1. Resident flora
2. Sexually transmitted
3 categories of exotoxins - correct answer1. Neurotoxins- botulinum toxin from
clostridium botulinum
2. Cytotoxin- kills host cells, diphtheria toxin from corynebacterium diphtheriae
3.enterotoxin- Shiga like enterotoxin from E. coli
Aetiology - correct answercause of disease
After 48-72 hours incubations what are common cold symptoms - correct
answerMyalgia
Headaches
Runny nose
Air - correct answerBy droplet nuclei/ dust within more than 3 feet
Eg tuberculosis
Allergies - correct answerResults from hypersensitivity to fungal antigens like fungal
spores
Antibiotics - correct answerNatural substance or derivative of natural substance which
when taken in small doses kills or prevents growth of bacteria but doesn't harm person
taking it
Antimicrobial agents - correct answerNaturally occurring or chemically synthesised
substances intended to be toxic for pathogenic organisms but harmless to host. Eg
antibiotics antifungals, antivirals and antiparastics
Bacteria causes tissue injury with injury mechanisms like... - correct answer1.
Endotoxins
2.exotoxins
3.siderophores
, Bacterial Pathogenesis - correct answerA multifactorial process that depends on
1. Immune status of host
2. Characteristics of bacterial species/strain
3.the number of organisms in exposure
Biological effects of endotoxins: - correct answer1. Pyrogenicity- capacity to produce
fever
2. Leukopenia
3. Blood pressure
Chlamydia exists as two stages - correct answer1. Infectious particles called elementary
bodies
2. Intracytoplasmic reproductive forms called reticulate bodies
Classification of mycoses - correct answer1.systematic infection so deep
This affects tissues and organs
Like histoplasmosis is a disease that affects the lungs
2. Superficial infection
Affects skin, nails, scalp or mucous membranes
Like dermatomycoses affects skin hair and nails
Candidiasis- affects mucous membranes of mouth so thrush and vagina-yeast and skin
Common vehicle - correct answerTransmission by common inanimate vehicle with
multiple cases resulting from such exposure for example food or water
Eg salmonella
Contact - correct answer-spread through airborne droplets within the less than 3 feet
Eg- pseudomonas organism
Definition of endotoxin - correct answerLipid portion of the toxic LPS lipolysaccharide
which is part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
Disruption of cell membrane (2.) - correct answerThere is damage to the cytoplasmic
membrane which increases permeability by disorganising the structure or inhibiting the
function of bacterial membranes
Drawing of endotoxins - correct answer1. O side chains oligosaccharide( species or
serotype antigen)
2. Core polysaccharide( genus specific antigen)
3. Lipid a (toxic moiety)
Events of endotoxins - correct answer1.sepsis
2.lethal shock
Example of lower RTI - correct answerPneumonia
-cell wall contains nucleus, mitochondria, storage granules
-often forms a bud
- parent cell and bud contains vacuole
- once budding occurs, a scar remains on cell wall
Yeast have 3 membranes- cell membrane, vacuolar and nuclear membrane - correct
answer- cell wall contains nucleus, mitochondria, storage granules
-often forms a bud
- parent cell and bud contains vacuole
- once budding occurs, a scar remains on cell wa
2 causes of urogenital tract - correct answer1. Resident flora
2. Sexually transmitted
3 categories of exotoxins - correct answer1. Neurotoxins- botulinum toxin from
clostridium botulinum
2. Cytotoxin- kills host cells, diphtheria toxin from corynebacterium diphtheriae
3.enterotoxin- Shiga like enterotoxin from E. coli
Aetiology - correct answercause of disease
After 48-72 hours incubations what are common cold symptoms - correct
answerMyalgia
Headaches
Runny nose
Air - correct answerBy droplet nuclei/ dust within more than 3 feet
Eg tuberculosis
Allergies - correct answerResults from hypersensitivity to fungal antigens like fungal
spores
Antibiotics - correct answerNatural substance or derivative of natural substance which
when taken in small doses kills or prevents growth of bacteria but doesn't harm person
taking it
Antimicrobial agents - correct answerNaturally occurring or chemically synthesised
substances intended to be toxic for pathogenic organisms but harmless to host. Eg
antibiotics antifungals, antivirals and antiparastics
Bacteria causes tissue injury with injury mechanisms like... - correct answer1.
Endotoxins
2.exotoxins
3.siderophores
, Bacterial Pathogenesis - correct answerA multifactorial process that depends on
1. Immune status of host
2. Characteristics of bacterial species/strain
3.the number of organisms in exposure
Biological effects of endotoxins: - correct answer1. Pyrogenicity- capacity to produce
fever
2. Leukopenia
3. Blood pressure
Chlamydia exists as two stages - correct answer1. Infectious particles called elementary
bodies
2. Intracytoplasmic reproductive forms called reticulate bodies
Classification of mycoses - correct answer1.systematic infection so deep
This affects tissues and organs
Like histoplasmosis is a disease that affects the lungs
2. Superficial infection
Affects skin, nails, scalp or mucous membranes
Like dermatomycoses affects skin hair and nails
Candidiasis- affects mucous membranes of mouth so thrush and vagina-yeast and skin
Common vehicle - correct answerTransmission by common inanimate vehicle with
multiple cases resulting from such exposure for example food or water
Eg salmonella
Contact - correct answer-spread through airborne droplets within the less than 3 feet
Eg- pseudomonas organism
Definition of endotoxin - correct answerLipid portion of the toxic LPS lipolysaccharide
which is part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
Disruption of cell membrane (2.) - correct answerThere is damage to the cytoplasmic
membrane which increases permeability by disorganising the structure or inhibiting the
function of bacterial membranes
Drawing of endotoxins - correct answer1. O side chains oligosaccharide( species or
serotype antigen)
2. Core polysaccharide( genus specific antigen)
3. Lipid a (toxic moiety)
Events of endotoxins - correct answer1.sepsis
2.lethal shock
Example of lower RTI - correct answerPneumonia
