AGPCNP NURS6202
Advanced Pathophysiology
4.0 Credits
Final Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
©2025
,Multiple Choice (MCQ)
1.
A 67-year-old male with a 40-year smoking history presents with chronic
cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis. Imaging reveals a centrally located
lung mass. What is the most likely underlying pathophysiologic process?
A. Hyperplasia of alveolar macrophages
B. Malignant transformation of bronchial epithelial cells
C. Type II pneumocyte hyperactivity
D. Exudative pleural effusion
ANS: B
Rationale: Squamous cell lung carcinomas arise from bronchial epithelial
cells, especially in smokers, presenting as central masses.
2.
A 57-year-old female with a long history of diabetes presents with
decreased GFR and albuminuria. Which of the following best describes
the earliest glomerular change in diabetic nephropathy?
A. Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule formation
B. Glomerular basement membrane thickening
C. Rapid glomerular sclerosis
D. Crescent formation
ANS: B
Rationale: Basement membrane thickening is the earliest change,
preceding nodular sclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules).
3.
An elderly male experiences sudden-onset chest pain and is found to
have ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Which coronary
artery is most likely occluded?
A. Left anterior descending
©2025
, B. Right coronary artery
C. Left circumflex
D. Posterior descending artery
ANS: B
Rationale: STEMI in II, III, and aVF localizes to the inferior wall, usually
supplied by the right coronary artery.
4.
A patient with chronic liver disease has enlarging abdominal girth and
confusion. Which pathophysiologic mechanism most likely explains his
altered mental status?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperammonemia due to impaired detoxification
C. Hypoglycemia due to glycogen depletion
D. Hyperbilirubinemia
ANS: B
Rationale: Hepatic encephalopathy results from inability of the failing
liver to detoxify ammonia.
5.
A patient develops anasarca, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
hyperlipidemia. Which glomerular disease is most likely?
A. Minimal change disease
B. IgA nephropathy
C. Membranous nephropathy
D. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
ANS: C
Rationale: Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of adult
nephrotic syndrome; proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia are
characteristic.
6.
©2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
4.0 Credits
Final Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
©2025
,Multiple Choice (MCQ)
1.
A 67-year-old male with a 40-year smoking history presents with chronic
cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis. Imaging reveals a centrally located
lung mass. What is the most likely underlying pathophysiologic process?
A. Hyperplasia of alveolar macrophages
B. Malignant transformation of bronchial epithelial cells
C. Type II pneumocyte hyperactivity
D. Exudative pleural effusion
ANS: B
Rationale: Squamous cell lung carcinomas arise from bronchial epithelial
cells, especially in smokers, presenting as central masses.
2.
A 57-year-old female with a long history of diabetes presents with
decreased GFR and albuminuria. Which of the following best describes
the earliest glomerular change in diabetic nephropathy?
A. Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule formation
B. Glomerular basement membrane thickening
C. Rapid glomerular sclerosis
D. Crescent formation
ANS: B
Rationale: Basement membrane thickening is the earliest change,
preceding nodular sclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules).
3.
An elderly male experiences sudden-onset chest pain and is found to
have ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Which coronary
artery is most likely occluded?
A. Left anterior descending
©2025
, B. Right coronary artery
C. Left circumflex
D. Posterior descending artery
ANS: B
Rationale: STEMI in II, III, and aVF localizes to the inferior wall, usually
supplied by the right coronary artery.
4.
A patient with chronic liver disease has enlarging abdominal girth and
confusion. Which pathophysiologic mechanism most likely explains his
altered mental status?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperammonemia due to impaired detoxification
C. Hypoglycemia due to glycogen depletion
D. Hyperbilirubinemia
ANS: B
Rationale: Hepatic encephalopathy results from inability of the failing
liver to detoxify ammonia.
5.
A patient develops anasarca, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
hyperlipidemia. Which glomerular disease is most likely?
A. Minimal change disease
B. IgA nephropathy
C. Membranous nephropathy
D. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
ANS: C
Rationale: Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of adult
nephrotic syndrome; proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia are
characteristic.
6.
©2025
