BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW FOR FINALS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE 1
WATER & pH 1
AMINO ACIDS & PEPTIDES 3
ENZYMES 8
BIOINFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 10
GLYCOLYSIS 13
KREB’S CYCLE 15
GLUCONEOGENESIS 16
CORI CYCLE 17
GLYCOGENESIS 17
GLYCOGENOLYSIS 17
URONIC ACID PATHWAY 18
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 18
UTILIZATION OF OTHER HEXOSES 18
LIPIDS 19
LIPOGENESIS 19
BETA-OXIDATION 20
ATP ACCOUNTING: SATURATED FA 20
ATP ACCOUNTING: UNSATURATED FA 21
KETOGENESIS 22
KETOLYSIS 22
CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM 22
LIPID TRANSPORT 23
AMINO ACIS & NITROGEN METABOLIS 24
UREA CYCLE 24
HEME METABOLISM 26
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM 27
NUTRITION: VITAMINS & MINERALS 27
NUCLEOTIDES 28
GENETICS 29
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
, BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW FOR FINALS
- Disturbances in human biochemistry:
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE o Electrolyte imbalance
o Defective nutrient
Learn about the importance of biochemistry to ingestion/absorption
medicine. o Hormonal imbalances
Trace where all the molecules will go through (from o Toxic chemicals/biologic agents
the food you ate) o DNA-based genetic disorder
• Major Causes of Diseases
BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Physical agents
- Because life depends on biochemical reactions, - Mechanical trauma, extremes of temp,
electric shock, radiation, sunburn
biochemistry has become the basic language of all
2. Chemical agents (including drugs)
biological sciences. - Morphine overdose
- Biochemistry is the science concerned with 3. Biologic agents
studying: - Viruses, bacteria, fungi, higher form
1. The various molecules that occur in living cells of parasites
and organisms 4. Lack of oxygen
2. The individual chemical reactions and their - Loss of blood supply, depletion of O2-carrying
enzyme catalysts capacity of the blood
3. Expression and regulation of each metabolic 5. Genetic disorders
process - Congenital, molecular
6. Immunologic reactions
- Anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE HAVE STIMULATED 7. Nutritional imbalance
MUTUAL ADVANCES - Deficiencies, excesses, scurvy
- Understanding and maintenance of health 8. Endocrine imbalances
- Understanding effective treatment of - Hormonal deficiencies, excesses
disease Sickle cell Anemia • “BIO”
- There is a single difference in AA - “Life”
- Compare the normal structure and function - Amino acids and proteins
of haemoglobin with that of sickle-cell - Lipids and Fatty Acids
anemia - Carbohydrates
Alkaptonuria, Albinism, Cystinuria, Pentosuria - Vitamins and minerals
- Errors of inborn metabolism - Gases and H20
- Foundation of development for human - Functional: enzymes, hormones, receptors,
biochemical processes albumin, globins, histone, etc.
Familial hypercholesterolemia - Structural: muscle, cytoskeleton, etc.
- Early atherosclerosis onset • “CHEMISTRY”
- Deeper understanding of cell receptors, - Interaction
mechanism of uptake, how molecules - Metabolism
cross cell membranes. - Functional: cell signalling, energy, storage
- Structural: growth, build-up, renewal, break
then build, etc.
WATER & PH
WATER
- The body itself is made up of 70% or more
of water
- It has an exceptional ability to form
hydrogen bonds
o Water can self-associate
o High viscosity
o Surface tension
• Normal biochemical processes are the basis of o Boiling point
health o Enable water to dissolve many
• Most diseases have biochemical basis organic biomolecules
- Abnormalities in genes, proteins, chemical o Aldehydes, Ketones, Amides
reactions or biochemical processes
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
Page 1 of 32
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE 1
WATER & pH 1
AMINO ACIDS & PEPTIDES 3
ENZYMES 8
BIOINFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 10
GLYCOLYSIS 13
KREB’S CYCLE 15
GLUCONEOGENESIS 16
CORI CYCLE 17
GLYCOGENESIS 17
GLYCOGENOLYSIS 17
URONIC ACID PATHWAY 18
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 18
UTILIZATION OF OTHER HEXOSES 18
LIPIDS 19
LIPOGENESIS 19
BETA-OXIDATION 20
ATP ACCOUNTING: SATURATED FA 20
ATP ACCOUNTING: UNSATURATED FA 21
KETOGENESIS 22
KETOLYSIS 22
CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM 22
LIPID TRANSPORT 23
AMINO ACIS & NITROGEN METABOLIS 24
UREA CYCLE 24
HEME METABOLISM 26
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM 27
NUTRITION: VITAMINS & MINERALS 27
NUCLEOTIDES 28
GENETICS 29
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
, BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW FOR FINALS
- Disturbances in human biochemistry:
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE o Electrolyte imbalance
o Defective nutrient
Learn about the importance of biochemistry to ingestion/absorption
medicine. o Hormonal imbalances
Trace where all the molecules will go through (from o Toxic chemicals/biologic agents
the food you ate) o DNA-based genetic disorder
• Major Causes of Diseases
BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Physical agents
- Because life depends on biochemical reactions, - Mechanical trauma, extremes of temp,
electric shock, radiation, sunburn
biochemistry has become the basic language of all
2. Chemical agents (including drugs)
biological sciences. - Morphine overdose
- Biochemistry is the science concerned with 3. Biologic agents
studying: - Viruses, bacteria, fungi, higher form
1. The various molecules that occur in living cells of parasites
and organisms 4. Lack of oxygen
2. The individual chemical reactions and their - Loss of blood supply, depletion of O2-carrying
enzyme catalysts capacity of the blood
3. Expression and regulation of each metabolic 5. Genetic disorders
process - Congenital, molecular
6. Immunologic reactions
- Anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE HAVE STIMULATED 7. Nutritional imbalance
MUTUAL ADVANCES - Deficiencies, excesses, scurvy
- Understanding and maintenance of health 8. Endocrine imbalances
- Understanding effective treatment of - Hormonal deficiencies, excesses
disease Sickle cell Anemia • “BIO”
- There is a single difference in AA - “Life”
- Compare the normal structure and function - Amino acids and proteins
of haemoglobin with that of sickle-cell - Lipids and Fatty Acids
anemia - Carbohydrates
Alkaptonuria, Albinism, Cystinuria, Pentosuria - Vitamins and minerals
- Errors of inborn metabolism - Gases and H20
- Foundation of development for human - Functional: enzymes, hormones, receptors,
biochemical processes albumin, globins, histone, etc.
Familial hypercholesterolemia - Structural: muscle, cytoskeleton, etc.
- Early atherosclerosis onset • “CHEMISTRY”
- Deeper understanding of cell receptors, - Interaction
mechanism of uptake, how molecules - Metabolism
cross cell membranes. - Functional: cell signalling, energy, storage
- Structural: growth, build-up, renewal, break
then build, etc.
WATER & PH
WATER
- The body itself is made up of 70% or more
of water
- It has an exceptional ability to form
hydrogen bonds
o Water can self-associate
o High viscosity
o Surface tension
• Normal biochemical processes are the basis of o Boiling point
health o Enable water to dissolve many
• Most diseases have biochemical basis organic biomolecules
- Abnormalities in genes, proteins, chemical o Aldehydes, Ketones, Amides
reactions or biochemical processes
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
Page 1 of 32
