Writing a scientific report
Research question: What is the effects of (x) on (y)
Title: The effect of (x) on (y)
Aim: To determine the effect of (x) on (y)
Hypothesis: As (x) “changes”, then (y) “changes”
Equipment:
Risk assessment:
Hazard- anything with the potential to cause injury or damage
Risk- injury or damage that will be directly caused by the hazard
Precaution- safety measure put in place in order to directly eliminate or minimise a risk
Variables:
Independent- deliberately changing
Dependant- measuring
Controlled- keeping the same
Method:
Results:
Discussion:
Conclusion:
Evaluate/ Assess = Make judgement
Reliability = Consistent results, repetition (at least 3x), sample size
,BIOLOGY- Module 1
What distinguishes one cell from another?
Investigate Different Cellular Structures – Variety of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
There are 2 types of cells…
PROKARYOTIC
2 main groups ie. Bacteria and archaea
Size from 0.1 to 0.5um
Mostly unicellular (a single cell)
No nucleus
Have cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes and genetic material
Not membrane bound, just float in cytoplasm
Pili: hair like structures on the surface of some cells. Helps them to stick to nearby
substances
Flagella: tail like structure that helps the cell move
Cell wall: protects cell and provides structural support
Capsule: is outside the cell wall and protects the cell
EUKARYOTIC (YOU)
2 main types ie. Animal and Plant cells
Size from 10 to 100um
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Have nucleus
Have membrane bound internal structures, known as ORGANELLES
,Investigate Different Cellular Structures – Technologies used to determine cell structure and
function
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Visible light passes through the specimen and a series of lenses
ADVANTAGES: living cells can be observed
: Coloured stains can be used
: Relatively inexpensive and easy to store
DISADVANTAGES: limited magnification (up to 1000x)
: Limited resolution
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE
Specimen is illuminated through with a narrow set of light wavelengths
Can see structures not seen with light microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Uses an electron beam instead of light
ADVANTAGES: Allows for greater resolution and magnification
DISADVANTAGES: cannot view living tissue
: Specimen preparation is very complicated
: Size, expense and maintenance costs
, Investigate Variety of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Structures- Drawing Scaled Diagrams
of a Variety of cells
DRAWING SCALED DIAGRAMS
When drawing different types of cells it is useful to draw cells to scale
Eg. A human cheek cell is approximately 60 um in diameter, with its nucleus diameter being
6um
Diameter of cell to be drawn is 5cm
Scale: 60um
5cm
= 12um
1cm
So 1cm in real life is equal to 12um
Therefore draw the cheek cell 5cm across and the nucleus 0.5cm across
SCIENTIFIC DRAWINGS
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
Research question: What is the effects of (x) on (y)
Title: The effect of (x) on (y)
Aim: To determine the effect of (x) on (y)
Hypothesis: As (x) “changes”, then (y) “changes”
Equipment:
Risk assessment:
Hazard- anything with the potential to cause injury or damage
Risk- injury or damage that will be directly caused by the hazard
Precaution- safety measure put in place in order to directly eliminate or minimise a risk
Variables:
Independent- deliberately changing
Dependant- measuring
Controlled- keeping the same
Method:
Results:
Discussion:
Conclusion:
Evaluate/ Assess = Make judgement
Reliability = Consistent results, repetition (at least 3x), sample size
,BIOLOGY- Module 1
What distinguishes one cell from another?
Investigate Different Cellular Structures – Variety of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
There are 2 types of cells…
PROKARYOTIC
2 main groups ie. Bacteria and archaea
Size from 0.1 to 0.5um
Mostly unicellular (a single cell)
No nucleus
Have cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes and genetic material
Not membrane bound, just float in cytoplasm
Pili: hair like structures on the surface of some cells. Helps them to stick to nearby
substances
Flagella: tail like structure that helps the cell move
Cell wall: protects cell and provides structural support
Capsule: is outside the cell wall and protects the cell
EUKARYOTIC (YOU)
2 main types ie. Animal and Plant cells
Size from 10 to 100um
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Have nucleus
Have membrane bound internal structures, known as ORGANELLES
,Investigate Different Cellular Structures – Technologies used to determine cell structure and
function
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Visible light passes through the specimen and a series of lenses
ADVANTAGES: living cells can be observed
: Coloured stains can be used
: Relatively inexpensive and easy to store
DISADVANTAGES: limited magnification (up to 1000x)
: Limited resolution
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE
Specimen is illuminated through with a narrow set of light wavelengths
Can see structures not seen with light microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Uses an electron beam instead of light
ADVANTAGES: Allows for greater resolution and magnification
DISADVANTAGES: cannot view living tissue
: Specimen preparation is very complicated
: Size, expense and maintenance costs
, Investigate Variety of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Structures- Drawing Scaled Diagrams
of a Variety of cells
DRAWING SCALED DIAGRAMS
When drawing different types of cells it is useful to draw cells to scale
Eg. A human cheek cell is approximately 60 um in diameter, with its nucleus diameter being
6um
Diameter of cell to be drawn is 5cm
Scale: 60um
5cm
= 12um
1cm
So 1cm in real life is equal to 12um
Therefore draw the cheek cell 5cm across and the nucleus 0.5cm across
SCIENTIFIC DRAWINGS
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
