NSG
NSG-3280 TEST 1 E XAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025)
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Aldosterone - ANS ✓▪ Primary mineralocorticoid
▪ Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
▪ Increases blood pressure
Endorphins and enkephalins - ANS ✓•Endogenous opioids (body's natural
pain relievers)
•Raise pain threshold
•Produce sedation and euphoria
Immune cytokines - ANS ✓•Secreted by macrophages during stress response
•Enhance immune system response
•Prolonged stress can suppress immune functioning.
Sex hormones - ANS ✓• Affect stress responses, thus influencing allostasis
• May help explain gender responses during stress
• Examples estrogen, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Adaptation - ANS ✓biopsychosocial process of adjusting physiology,
morphology, and behavior in response to new or altered circumstances, internal
and external in origin, in the physical and social environment
Adaptation and resilience have been ________ with allostasis - ANS
✓Intertwined
1
NSG-3280
,NSG
Maladaptation - ANS ✓ineffective, inadequate, or inappropriate change in
response to new or altered circumstances
Ways allostatic loads can accumulate - ANS ✓(1) repeated exposures to
multiple stressors, (2) inability to habituate or adapt to the stressor, (3)
unnecessarily prolonged stress response or stress response that continues after
the stressor is removed, and (4) inadequate response to the stressor that causes
other stress response mediators to attempt to compensate. Homeostasis, the
steady-state that previously existed, cannot be attained
Elevated cortisol levels - ANS ✓are connected with depressive illnesses and
immune suppression
Aldosterone does not raise - ANS ✓glucose levels while stress induced
Hydronic swelling - ANS ✓cellular swelling due to accumulation of water
First manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury
Results from malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with accumulation of
sodium ions within the cell
Na does not leave cell, causing water to flow into cell
Characteristics of hydronic swelling - ANS ✓large, pale cytoplasm
Dilated endoplasmic reticulum
Swollen mitochondria
Intracellular accumulation - ANS ✓Excess accumulation of substances in cells
which leads to cell injury b/c of toxicity, immune response, taking up excessive
space needed for functioning.
(anything from excess lipids, carbs, proteins, inorganic pigments, inorganic
particles)
2
NSG-3280
, NSG
Liver is common place
Atrophy - ANS ✓cells shrink and reduce their differentiated function in response
to normal and injurious factors
Prednisone
Elderly
Disuse
Hypertrophy - ANS ✓increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented
functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
Increased cellular protein content
Hyperplasia - ANS ✓increase in number of cells
Metaplasia - ANS ✓replacement of one cell type with another
***adaptation to persistent injury***, with a replacement of a cell type that is
better suited
Columnar cells go to squamous cells in exposed to cigarette smoke. But CAN be
reversed
Common in lungs
Dysplasia - ANS ✓disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal
variations in size, shape, and arrangement
Probably cancerous
PRENEOPLASTIC
Necrosis - ANS ✓Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia (Hypoxia) or toxic
injury
Inflammatory response
3
NSG-3280
NSG-3280 TEST 1 E XAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS UPDATED (2024/2025)
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Aldosterone - ANS ✓▪ Primary mineralocorticoid
▪ Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
▪ Increases blood pressure
Endorphins and enkephalins - ANS ✓•Endogenous opioids (body's natural
pain relievers)
•Raise pain threshold
•Produce sedation and euphoria
Immune cytokines - ANS ✓•Secreted by macrophages during stress response
•Enhance immune system response
•Prolonged stress can suppress immune functioning.
Sex hormones - ANS ✓• Affect stress responses, thus influencing allostasis
• May help explain gender responses during stress
• Examples estrogen, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Adaptation - ANS ✓biopsychosocial process of adjusting physiology,
morphology, and behavior in response to new or altered circumstances, internal
and external in origin, in the physical and social environment
Adaptation and resilience have been ________ with allostasis - ANS
✓Intertwined
1
NSG-3280
,NSG
Maladaptation - ANS ✓ineffective, inadequate, or inappropriate change in
response to new or altered circumstances
Ways allostatic loads can accumulate - ANS ✓(1) repeated exposures to
multiple stressors, (2) inability to habituate or adapt to the stressor, (3)
unnecessarily prolonged stress response or stress response that continues after
the stressor is removed, and (4) inadequate response to the stressor that causes
other stress response mediators to attempt to compensate. Homeostasis, the
steady-state that previously existed, cannot be attained
Elevated cortisol levels - ANS ✓are connected with depressive illnesses and
immune suppression
Aldosterone does not raise - ANS ✓glucose levels while stress induced
Hydronic swelling - ANS ✓cellular swelling due to accumulation of water
First manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury
Results from malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with accumulation of
sodium ions within the cell
Na does not leave cell, causing water to flow into cell
Characteristics of hydronic swelling - ANS ✓large, pale cytoplasm
Dilated endoplasmic reticulum
Swollen mitochondria
Intracellular accumulation - ANS ✓Excess accumulation of substances in cells
which leads to cell injury b/c of toxicity, immune response, taking up excessive
space needed for functioning.
(anything from excess lipids, carbs, proteins, inorganic pigments, inorganic
particles)
2
NSG-3280
, NSG
Liver is common place
Atrophy - ANS ✓cells shrink and reduce their differentiated function in response
to normal and injurious factors
Prednisone
Elderly
Disuse
Hypertrophy - ANS ✓increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented
functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
Increased cellular protein content
Hyperplasia - ANS ✓increase in number of cells
Metaplasia - ANS ✓replacement of one cell type with another
***adaptation to persistent injury***, with a replacement of a cell type that is
better suited
Columnar cells go to squamous cells in exposed to cigarette smoke. But CAN be
reversed
Common in lungs
Dysplasia - ANS ✓disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal
variations in size, shape, and arrangement
Probably cancerous
PRENEOPLASTIC
Necrosis - ANS ✓Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia (Hypoxia) or toxic
injury
Inflammatory response
3
NSG-3280
