AP BIOLOGY (ALL UNITS) EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
DNA - Answer-Deoxyribonucleic acid, consists of 2 polynucleotides. Forms a double
helix, hold together by hydrogen bonds between bases.
Adenine=Thymine.
Cytosine=Guanine.
Backbone= Sugar-Phosphate.
Center: Nucleotides Pairing.
DNA strands are antiparallel.
One strand runs 5 prime to 3 prime, the other runs in the opposite direction 3 prime to 5
prime (upside down).
5 prime ends: Free phosphate Group.
3 Prime ends: Free hydroxyl Group.
RNA - Answer-Ribonucleic acid, single-stranded polynucleotide, variable in shape.
Due to base-pairing within RNA
Adenine=Uracil
Cytosine=Guanine.
Exception:RNA is the primary source of heritable information in some viruses ( virus is
nonliving it has no cells to consider it living and doesn't reproduce it tricks genes).
Lipids - Answer-Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steriods. Do not include true polymer,
often considered not a macromolecule. They are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
Fats - Answer-Composed of glycerol (head) and fatty acids (tails)
Glycerol - Answer-A three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each
carbon
Fatty Acids - Answer-Long carbon chains (carboxyl group) -COOH at one end. *3 fatty
acids join to glycerol via Ester Linkage.
Ester Linkage - Answer-A bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
Saturted Fatty Acid - Answer-No double bonds betweem carbons in the carbon chain =
more hydrogen saturated with hydrogen. (Ex. C-C-C-C.)
Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Answer-Contains one or more double bonds. (Ex. C= C-C=C)
Phospholipids - Answer-A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group. (Ex. Heads are hydrophilic. Tails are hydrophobic.)
Surface Tension - Answer-the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to
minimize the area of the surface.
,Cells - Answer-The basic structural and functional units of every organism.
All Cells - Answer-Are bounded by a plasma or cell membrane.
Contain cytosol or cytoplasm same thing.
Contain chromosomes.
Contain ribosomes.
Prokaryotes - Answer-Most are unicellular.
Domains bacteria and archaea.
DNA is in the nucleoid region (no nucleus), lack organelles.
Smaller in size than eukaryotes.
Chromosomes are circular.
Contain plasmids.
Eukaryotes - Answer-Most are multicellular.
Protist (unicellular), fungi (multicellular), animals, and plants.
DNA is in the nucleus.
Contain membrane-bound organelles.
Have DNA is packaged in chromosomes.
Linear chromosomes.
Endomebrane Organelles - Answer-Nuclear Envelope
Vesicles/vacuoles
Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Complex also known as Golgi Apparatus
Plasma Membrane also known as cell membrane
Lysosomes
Energy Organelles - Answer-Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Compartmentalization - Answer-In organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to
occur in different locations. Prevents interfering reactions from occuring in the same
location.
Unique Cell Components - Answer-Plants: Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole, Cell Wall,
Plasmodesmata.
Animals: Lysosomes, centrosomes, Flagella.
Nucleus - Answer-Contains chromosomes (genetic information)
Enclosed by the nuclear envelope
Double membrane contains pores that regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell.
Contain a nucleolus: Dense region of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
(made or to make).
, Ribosomes - Answer-RNA and sythesizes protein. Found in the cytosol. ER or Nuclear
Envelope: proteins here can be secreted (produce and discharged) from the cell.
Leave: Transport Vesicles.
Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer-Newtworks of membrane sacs
and tubes.
Function: Sythesizes membranes
Compartmentalized cells to keep proteins formed in the ER seperate from those of free
ribosomes.
Types: Smooth and Rough
Rough ER: Contains ribosomes bound to the Er membrane.
Smooth ER: No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies
the cell.
Golgi Complex/Apparatus - Answer-Contains flattenedmembranous sacs, called
cisternae.
Receives vesicles from the ER.
Sends vesicles back out into the cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane
for secretion.
Function: Receives transport vesicles with materials from ER.
Adds molecular tags, packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit
membrane via exocytosis.
Lysosome - Answer-Membranous sac with hydrolistic enzymes.
Function: Recycle
Hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells.
Autophagy: Lysosomes can recycle their own cells organic material.
Peroxisomes - Answer-Membrane bound metabolic compartment.
Destroys toxic waste.
Catalyze reactions that produce H202.
Enzymes in peroximes then break down H202 to water.
*H202 =Hydrogen Peroxide.
Vacuole - Answer-Selective in transport
Food Vacuole: Form via phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes.
Contractile Vacuole: Maintain water levels in cells.
Central Vacuole: Found in plants - Contain inorganic ions and water, important for
turger pressure.
Mitochondria - Answer-site of cellular respiration.
Doublemembrane structure: Outer membrane is smooth. Inner membrane has folds
called cristae.
Intermembrane:Space between inner and outer membrane.
Mitochondrial Matrix: Enclosed by inner membrane.
Contains: Enyzmes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP.
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
DNA - Answer-Deoxyribonucleic acid, consists of 2 polynucleotides. Forms a double
helix, hold together by hydrogen bonds between bases.
Adenine=Thymine.
Cytosine=Guanine.
Backbone= Sugar-Phosphate.
Center: Nucleotides Pairing.
DNA strands are antiparallel.
One strand runs 5 prime to 3 prime, the other runs in the opposite direction 3 prime to 5
prime (upside down).
5 prime ends: Free phosphate Group.
3 Prime ends: Free hydroxyl Group.
RNA - Answer-Ribonucleic acid, single-stranded polynucleotide, variable in shape.
Due to base-pairing within RNA
Adenine=Uracil
Cytosine=Guanine.
Exception:RNA is the primary source of heritable information in some viruses ( virus is
nonliving it has no cells to consider it living and doesn't reproduce it tricks genes).
Lipids - Answer-Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steriods. Do not include true polymer,
often considered not a macromolecule. They are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
Fats - Answer-Composed of glycerol (head) and fatty acids (tails)
Glycerol - Answer-A three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each
carbon
Fatty Acids - Answer-Long carbon chains (carboxyl group) -COOH at one end. *3 fatty
acids join to glycerol via Ester Linkage.
Ester Linkage - Answer-A bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
Saturted Fatty Acid - Answer-No double bonds betweem carbons in the carbon chain =
more hydrogen saturated with hydrogen. (Ex. C-C-C-C.)
Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Answer-Contains one or more double bonds. (Ex. C= C-C=C)
Phospholipids - Answer-A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a
phosphate group. (Ex. Heads are hydrophilic. Tails are hydrophobic.)
Surface Tension - Answer-the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to
minimize the area of the surface.
,Cells - Answer-The basic structural and functional units of every organism.
All Cells - Answer-Are bounded by a plasma or cell membrane.
Contain cytosol or cytoplasm same thing.
Contain chromosomes.
Contain ribosomes.
Prokaryotes - Answer-Most are unicellular.
Domains bacteria and archaea.
DNA is in the nucleoid region (no nucleus), lack organelles.
Smaller in size than eukaryotes.
Chromosomes are circular.
Contain plasmids.
Eukaryotes - Answer-Most are multicellular.
Protist (unicellular), fungi (multicellular), animals, and plants.
DNA is in the nucleus.
Contain membrane-bound organelles.
Have DNA is packaged in chromosomes.
Linear chromosomes.
Endomebrane Organelles - Answer-Nuclear Envelope
Vesicles/vacuoles
Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Complex also known as Golgi Apparatus
Plasma Membrane also known as cell membrane
Lysosomes
Energy Organelles - Answer-Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Compartmentalization - Answer-In organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to
occur in different locations. Prevents interfering reactions from occuring in the same
location.
Unique Cell Components - Answer-Plants: Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole, Cell Wall,
Plasmodesmata.
Animals: Lysosomes, centrosomes, Flagella.
Nucleus - Answer-Contains chromosomes (genetic information)
Enclosed by the nuclear envelope
Double membrane contains pores that regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell.
Contain a nucleolus: Dense region of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
(made or to make).
, Ribosomes - Answer-RNA and sythesizes protein. Found in the cytosol. ER or Nuclear
Envelope: proteins here can be secreted (produce and discharged) from the cell.
Leave: Transport Vesicles.
Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Answer-Newtworks of membrane sacs
and tubes.
Function: Sythesizes membranes
Compartmentalized cells to keep proteins formed in the ER seperate from those of free
ribosomes.
Types: Smooth and Rough
Rough ER: Contains ribosomes bound to the Er membrane.
Smooth ER: No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies
the cell.
Golgi Complex/Apparatus - Answer-Contains flattenedmembranous sacs, called
cisternae.
Receives vesicles from the ER.
Sends vesicles back out into the cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane
for secretion.
Function: Receives transport vesicles with materials from ER.
Adds molecular tags, packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit
membrane via exocytosis.
Lysosome - Answer-Membranous sac with hydrolistic enzymes.
Function: Recycle
Hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells.
Autophagy: Lysosomes can recycle their own cells organic material.
Peroxisomes - Answer-Membrane bound metabolic compartment.
Destroys toxic waste.
Catalyze reactions that produce H202.
Enzymes in peroximes then break down H202 to water.
*H202 =Hydrogen Peroxide.
Vacuole - Answer-Selective in transport
Food Vacuole: Form via phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes.
Contractile Vacuole: Maintain water levels in cells.
Central Vacuole: Found in plants - Contain inorganic ions and water, important for
turger pressure.
Mitochondria - Answer-site of cellular respiration.
Doublemembrane structure: Outer membrane is smooth. Inner membrane has folds
called cristae.
Intermembrane:Space between inner and outer membrane.
Mitochondrial Matrix: Enclosed by inner membrane.
Contains: Enyzmes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP.
