WVIT 300 FINAL EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the 6 components of soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Mineral Particles, Air (especially
oxygen), Nutrients (N-P-K), Organic Matter (carbon based-derived from living organisms), Water, and
Living organisms (soil microbes) MANOWL
Is soil the major part of plant biomass? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅No, air is (specifically CO2)
What percentage of plant biomass comes from soil nutrients? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅<5%
True or false: Soil is a major determinant of vine stress - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅True
What 5 soil characteristics influence vine stress? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Salinity, texture (size of
mineral particles), organic matter, pH, and depth STOPD
What are the 3 texture categories of soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Sand, silt, and clay
Is sand the smallest, largest or in between size of soil - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the largest, coarse
texture
Is clay the smallest, largest or in between size of soil - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the smallest, fine
texture
Is silt the smallest, largest or in between size of soil - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅in between
What concentrations does loam soil have? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
Which kind of soil holds more 02 but less water? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅sands or sandy loams
Which kind of soil holds more water but less O2? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅clay
,How deep into the soil can grapevines grow? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅6 meters (20')
True or false: deep soils will contribute to low capacity ('vigor') vines - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅False
What depth and texture of soil presents the highest risk of vine stress? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Shallow soil and sandy soil
When measuring pH, what does 0 mean and what does 14 mean? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅0 is the
most acidic, 14 is the most alkaline
What is the risk of high acid soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅It decreases the availability of some
macronutrients (phosphorous & nitrogen)
What is the risk of high alkaline soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅It decreases the availability of many
micronutrients (boron & zinc)
Where does organic matter come from? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the bodies or waste products of
plants and animals
Is high organic matter or low organic matter a stress factor for grapevines generally? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Low organic matter, however excessively high OM can too
What is the result of too much salt in soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Difficult for plant to pick up
water because salt competes with it
What is the result of too few salts in soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅poor water infiltration
What are the 4 chemicals grapevines produce due to stress (defense chemicals)? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Carotenes (precursors of norisoprenoids), Anthocyanins, Tannins, and Terpenes CATT
, What is special about the vineyards in Medoc (Bordeaux), Champagne, Coonawarra (AUS), Jerez (Spain),
and Carneros (Sonoma and Napa Counties)? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅They produce premier wines
with outlier soils
Can you taste the difference of soils in wine? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Not literally, but you can
taste the vine's response to stress in the form of chemicals
What are the 3 factors in berries that are affected by temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅sugar
accumulation, acid, and aroma, flavor & color chemicals
How do we measure which Winkler Region a region is in? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅By the number
of degree days (heat units)
If the daily average is 60 degrees, how many degree days accumulated? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅10 DD (60-50=10)
What is the minimum amount of chilling hours that grapes need? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅200
What is the result of less than 200 chilling hours? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅uneven bud break
How does NY prevent vines from being injured in low winter temps? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Growing vines close to lakes
What 3 factors moderate temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Bodies of water, Altitude, and
Latitude
How many acre-inches of water do grapevines need per season? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅19 ac-in
What are the 3 Milankovitch cycles? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅elliptical cycle, axial tilt cycle, and the
wobble (direction of tilt) cycle
What are the 6 components of soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Mineral Particles, Air (especially
oxygen), Nutrients (N-P-K), Organic Matter (carbon based-derived from living organisms), Water, and
Living organisms (soil microbes) MANOWL
Is soil the major part of plant biomass? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅No, air is (specifically CO2)
What percentage of plant biomass comes from soil nutrients? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅<5%
True or false: Soil is a major determinant of vine stress - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅True
What 5 soil characteristics influence vine stress? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Salinity, texture (size of
mineral particles), organic matter, pH, and depth STOPD
What are the 3 texture categories of soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Sand, silt, and clay
Is sand the smallest, largest or in between size of soil - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the largest, coarse
texture
Is clay the smallest, largest or in between size of soil - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the smallest, fine
texture
Is silt the smallest, largest or in between size of soil - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅in between
What concentrations does loam soil have? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
Which kind of soil holds more 02 but less water? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅sands or sandy loams
Which kind of soil holds more water but less O2? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅clay
,How deep into the soil can grapevines grow? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅6 meters (20')
True or false: deep soils will contribute to low capacity ('vigor') vines - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅False
What depth and texture of soil presents the highest risk of vine stress? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Shallow soil and sandy soil
When measuring pH, what does 0 mean and what does 14 mean? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅0 is the
most acidic, 14 is the most alkaline
What is the risk of high acid soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅It decreases the availability of some
macronutrients (phosphorous & nitrogen)
What is the risk of high alkaline soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅It decreases the availability of many
micronutrients (boron & zinc)
Where does organic matter come from? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the bodies or waste products of
plants and animals
Is high organic matter or low organic matter a stress factor for grapevines generally? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Low organic matter, however excessively high OM can too
What is the result of too much salt in soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Difficult for plant to pick up
water because salt competes with it
What is the result of too few salts in soil? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅poor water infiltration
What are the 4 chemicals grapevines produce due to stress (defense chemicals)? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Carotenes (precursors of norisoprenoids), Anthocyanins, Tannins, and Terpenes CATT
, What is special about the vineyards in Medoc (Bordeaux), Champagne, Coonawarra (AUS), Jerez (Spain),
and Carneros (Sonoma and Napa Counties)? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅They produce premier wines
with outlier soils
Can you taste the difference of soils in wine? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Not literally, but you can
taste the vine's response to stress in the form of chemicals
What are the 3 factors in berries that are affected by temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅sugar
accumulation, acid, and aroma, flavor & color chemicals
How do we measure which Winkler Region a region is in? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅By the number
of degree days (heat units)
If the daily average is 60 degrees, how many degree days accumulated? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅10 DD (60-50=10)
What is the minimum amount of chilling hours that grapes need? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅200
What is the result of less than 200 chilling hours? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅uneven bud break
How does NY prevent vines from being injured in low winter temps? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Growing vines close to lakes
What 3 factors moderate temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Bodies of water, Altitude, and
Latitude
How many acre-inches of water do grapevines need per season? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅19 ac-in
What are the 3 Milankovitch cycles? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅elliptical cycle, axial tilt cycle, and the
wobble (direction of tilt) cycle
