BIOLOGY UNIT 1 REVIEW
Chemismy for
biology
emergent properties of living organisms
·
made of cells+ contain DNA domains :
·
structure + order
·
bacteria
independent reproduction arched
·
·
growth +
development eukarya
·
·
·
respirationa metabolism >
eukaryotic kingdoms
phylom
↓
·
homeostasis 'protista
class
·
autonomous movit
-
sungi
3
order
adaptation plantae
I
·
family
·
evolution "anamalia
genus
&
species
scientific methods :
holistic-complex systems as a whole (ex behavior physiology nutrition)
·
:
, ,
reductionist explaining entire systems in terms of
· -
their individual , constituent parts (cells or tissues used
> in Vivo sliving)
ex : rats or cells
holistic + reductionist
> In vitro
ex :
(non-living)
test tubes
In Situ Jon-site reductionist
7 in silico (computer analysis)
Scientific Process
hypothesis deductive general
* -
·
experimentation/observation Knowledge <
specific
·
treatment +
controls results
(qualitative quantative) inductive specific
-
results
·
·
Interpretations + conclusions
results <
generalization
observation first)
I based on
repetitions (theory > law
·
> macromolecules - cells
atoms
molecules <tissuesorgans
V
organ systems organism population <community ecosystem
-
Dome> biosphere
, atoms + molecules
election orbitals
·
Orbital -
a region where e-are usually found
V
(79)
> have
- characteristic shapes + orientations
I can be occupied by ze-in each still in a
Sequence specific)
·
valence e-- outermost orbit +
determines reactivity of
an atomt how
many bonds It can make
·
Octet rule-an atom needs ze
-
in first orbit and
· e-in 2nd or higher orbits to complete them
> If not complete, atom is inert-unstable , tends
to share e-w/ other atoms
electro negativity affinity atom to attract e-of
·
of an
-
other atoms
·
isotopes
-
have same # of protons but diff of neutrons
chemical bonds + interactions
↑
covalent bonds-shares 1 or more pairs of e-so
outer shells are filled
e-shared equally (btwnelectronegativities2
aroms w/ similar
nonpolar :
S P olar
:
one atom is more electronegative e-
are not shared equally
~
ionic bonds
-
formed byw/the electrical attraction
negative long ( shell fromIts neighboring atom valence)
higher pulls En e- to
atom
positive and
its
of
Lions
electrically charged particles (when atoms
-
gain or loose e-
Cations :
positive charge
anions =
negative charge
hydrogen
3 It covalently bonded to an
bonds -
electronegative atom Jo or N) Is attracted by another
electronegative atom through dipole attraction &
occurs in>
polar molecules w/ hydrogen
> I bonds form btwn water molecules +
are
Important in the structure of DNA-proteins
Chemismy for
biology
emergent properties of living organisms
·
made of cells+ contain DNA domains :
·
structure + order
·
bacteria
independent reproduction arched
·
·
growth +
development eukarya
·
·
·
respirationa metabolism >
eukaryotic kingdoms
phylom
↓
·
homeostasis 'protista
class
·
autonomous movit
-
sungi
3
order
adaptation plantae
I
·
family
·
evolution "anamalia
genus
&
species
scientific methods :
holistic-complex systems as a whole (ex behavior physiology nutrition)
·
:
, ,
reductionist explaining entire systems in terms of
· -
their individual , constituent parts (cells or tissues used
> in Vivo sliving)
ex : rats or cells
holistic + reductionist
> In vitro
ex :
(non-living)
test tubes
In Situ Jon-site reductionist
7 in silico (computer analysis)
Scientific Process
hypothesis deductive general
* -
·
experimentation/observation Knowledge <
specific
·
treatment +
controls results
(qualitative quantative) inductive specific
-
results
·
·
Interpretations + conclusions
results <
generalization
observation first)
I based on
repetitions (theory > law
·
> macromolecules - cells
atoms
molecules <tissuesorgans
V
organ systems organism population <community ecosystem
-
Dome> biosphere
, atoms + molecules
election orbitals
·
Orbital -
a region where e-are usually found
V
(79)
> have
- characteristic shapes + orientations
I can be occupied by ze-in each still in a
Sequence specific)
·
valence e-- outermost orbit +
determines reactivity of
an atomt how
many bonds It can make
·
Octet rule-an atom needs ze
-
in first orbit and
· e-in 2nd or higher orbits to complete them
> If not complete, atom is inert-unstable , tends
to share e-w/ other atoms
electro negativity affinity atom to attract e-of
·
of an
-
other atoms
·
isotopes
-
have same # of protons but diff of neutrons
chemical bonds + interactions
↑
covalent bonds-shares 1 or more pairs of e-so
outer shells are filled
e-shared equally (btwnelectronegativities2
aroms w/ similar
nonpolar :
S P olar
:
one atom is more electronegative e-
are not shared equally
~
ionic bonds
-
formed byw/the electrical attraction
negative long ( shell fromIts neighboring atom valence)
higher pulls En e- to
atom
positive and
its
of
Lions
electrically charged particles (when atoms
-
gain or loose e-
Cations :
positive charge
anions =
negative charge
hydrogen
3 It covalently bonded to an
bonds -
electronegative atom Jo or N) Is attracted by another
electronegative atom through dipole attraction &
occurs in>
polar molecules w/ hydrogen
> I bonds form btwn water molecules +
are
Important in the structure of DNA-proteins
