UNIT 2 TEST REVIEW
origin of life
atoms , molecules , monomers , macromolecules /
protobiont cell DNA (genetic into
V
RNA
classification of current life forms
IgeneticIntocatatienzumerestore into
synthesis
catalyze replication or protein
-
V
Protein (catalytic enzyme: structural)
bacteria archaea eukarya (w) true nucleus L
ribosome = RNA
a
protistaunicellular eukaryotes,heterotrophiphotoautotron
· most diverse groups archaeabacteria are evidence : wi catalytic
Y
-
of unicellular bacteria prokaryotic + contain some
RNA
activity
(prokaryotic a
eukaryotic dicot plants photoautotrophic
· self catalytic
features plantae-monocots
of +
synthesis
-
survive
anamalia -
all animals ; multicellular , heterotrophic - ribosomal protein
·
first life forms by can
extreme temp r
reducing condition s
ribozyme
requirements to be alive (sustain+ evolve evidence to support evolution theory
metabolism fossils
geneticmateriaa genetic material
·
common
cell Biology methods
*
O comparative anatomy , physiology
cell theory
are made up of cells
·
all organisms
·
cells are basic unit of life
· cellissmallest livingthingaels
structure :
·
microscopy
light microscope
~
transmission e-microscope scanning e-microscope
-
S measurecent
· mort + colors
e-microscope
·
high resolution beam of e-passed e-beam scanned across
macromolecule.
- techniques
I
· a ·
·
affordable
-
magnification -
through the specimen Surface of Specimen
t
L
processing
carbohydrates
need complex
method,
·
· lower magnification of samples e- are knocked off surface calorimetric
resolution
· e-that pass through
expensive
gas chromatography (o),
-
ansurfacetopographyontrast
·
are used to form
·
brightfield TEM, SEM
-
, ·
image
darkfield, phase contrast
differential interference
·
can view cellular ·
false coloring enhances - content of the image > mass spectrometry (ms)
organelles image separating tanalyzing
to view surface
↓ confocal lipids
used to study. used ~
live samples >
lipids ↑L
gas chromatography
new
&
features + 3-D shape
·
>
· ~0 2
up to . um Internal ultrastructure ,
↓ cross sections of
of ultrastructure (GC) ,7mass spectrometry (ms),
structures
high performance liquid
~
cells
DNA RNA
Agarose gels
:
,
chromatography (HPLC)
gel electrophoresis Polyacrylamide gels : proteins
enteamea
I
· cell fractionation +
,
separates
function :
· cell fractionation +
get electrophoresis
-
Isolate cell components Proteins get electrophoresis , mass
#
or molecules
of tissue , cell types , + treatments
Spectrometry , HPLCY amino
condit
. selection
2 centrifugation , assays
selection of procedures > buffers, homogenization ,
acid seauencing , X-ray
7 &
cell fractionation 7
crystallography
"harvest cells
2
grind cells /No
or suitable buffer
suitable buffer
identiceeaa
homogenize cells in
3
" centrifugea various
speeds/durations DNA/RNA gel electrophoresis ,
get electrophoresis capillary electrophoresis ,
·
ned charges of DNA/RNA migrate
toward anude
(large slower)
throughtiny get pores DNA/RNA sequencing
· molecules move depending on size more
· NOT for carbs+ lipids
· biochemical assays to study the enzyme activity or the
types of centrifuges
function of a cell structure · Clinical centrifuge (1-517 RPM)
·
microfuge (14 RPM)
loom
e-microscope & floor model or desktop centrifuge (1-20kRPM)
o
↓ I
cit 10 nm nm
ultra centrifuge (1-80kRPM)
human
microscope &
rotors fixed angle swing bucket
overview of cells , nucleus-
,
ribosomes
ates
pili-atatement stroe
bacteria sell :
prokaryotes eukaryotes
· cells w/out nucleus
&
cells w/ nucleus
# ·
DNA in nucleoid region
· DNA in nucleus
~
on
is
2
where ·
no suchas
proteins attatched broteins his
L - nucleoid-region As a
TO DNA
S a no endomembrane vast endomembrane system
ThecellsDNA is
·
membrane)
·
-
system membrane bound organelles
-
~
organelles
S ribosomes-organelles
· no much larger
·
that ·
small cell size , limited by
·
·
ex : protists, plants , fungi animals
metabolic requirements ,
synthesize proteins exibacteria archaea highly compartmentalized b/c :
· +
plasma membrane- ·
provides greater SA : volume ratio
membrane enclosing ·
btwn diff parts of cell
serves as partitions
the cytoplasm &
enhance range of metabolic function
cellwall-rigid structure ·
provide localized environments for biochemical rxns
outside plasma membrane s
7 Sequester rxns such as respirationa photosynthesis
capsule-jelly-like outer coating
- of many prokaryotes
~ flagellalocomotionsomteateria
-
-
, Eukaryotic cell
↓
I I I ↓
nucleus -
contains cytosol cytoskeleton cell surface
that have the program microtubules
genes cell wall
for most cellular functions
↳ microfilaments
Intermediate
I
junction
<DNA replicatioS
2 cell
filaments
(transcription)
< RNA processing
I I
I
energy organelles meshdomembranesystems ribosomes is
synthesize protn
-
mitochondria found freely in cytoplasm (to make soluble proteins) and
! chloroplasts
functions
I
RER +
SER
<
In RER (to make membrane proteins)
golgi apparatus < more present in eukaryotic cells
e through transcription
URNA-made in nucleus
lysosomes
microbodies ribosomal protein-made in
cytoplasm through translation
vacuoles eukaryotic: prokaryotic
o plasma membrane 48% RNA , 60% protein 20 % RNA , 40 % protein
> nucleolus organizing - centers
for making ribosomes from ribosomal
'
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network of -
RNA and proteins (20-30% of cellular DNA) Interconnected w/ nuclear
envelopey membranes in cytoplasm <extended tubes
nuclear pores on membranes w/ sacs with Internal spaces called cisternale
-
and used for movit of solutes in and out, Smooth ER-folded layers of single membrane by
>
to enter
for mRNA to exit+ proteins
no ribosomes attached
nuclear lamina-protein
Inside of nuclear membrane
lining -
synthesizes lipids detoxifies drugs , , carb.
nuclear proteins : metabolism stores cast necessary for muscle contract.
DNA polymerase-DNA replication > rough ER-folded layers
of membrane w/
:
RNA polymerase-transcription (making RNA) ribosomes attached
DNA binding proteins regulate transcription
-
-
synthesizes membrane proteins
>
-
-
RNA binding/processing proteins
small ribonucleoproteins
↓
lipids
nucleoplasm-fluid in nucleus Suspending DNA , RNA -
golgi apparatus or dictyosomes -
function as
proteins fibers , nucleotides
dispatchingrecieving placeolgiosaccharides
,
central
PNA double helix
Smyristylation-addition of lipids
aroundes
sideisreceiving protests
wrap > 2
only in
animal cells vs plant cells ~ in resides
nucleosomes
I
> proteins are shipped from vesicle to
·
lysosomes ·
chloroplasts from other parts of cell or excreted outside
come Er
bags w/ hydrolytic
or
central vacuole condense 3 Lysosomes membrane
-
·
centrioles ·
goldi
-
tonoplasts W Lenzymes that can break down macromolecules
flagella (in chromatin acidic
put inside rendering hydrolytic
·
more
cell wall
· < is ,
plant sperm) only during enzymes inactive outside lysosome
plasmodesmata
visible
some cell division
W
> helps digest food + microorganisms (phagocytosis)
·
chromosome
replicated
z strands of
chromosomes
or organelles (autophagy
V
chromatids ↑ microbodies-single membrane specialists ; 2 kinds
comparing 3 domains of life > perioxosomes responsible for lipid degradation
-
-
detoxification of active O2 species (byperoxidasea
'evbacteria-true bacteria; prokaryotic cells whout nucleus 1
glyoxysomes specialized
-
peroxisomes in
plant
2
archaea-prokaryotes whout nucleus but has some cells,mainlyin seesa into sugars
eukaryotic features ; lives in extreme temp salt concent,
,
5 vacuoles
methane ↑ sulfur-rich conditions
large central vacuoles present in plant cells
-
>
eukarya-truly nucleated cells w/ membrane bound contains membrane called tohoplast ; up to 90 % Of
+
3
plants plant cell's volume
nucleus , endo membrane system, organelles+ linear of metabolites
function-storage
chromosomes bound w/ histones
animals < food vacuoles -
where food is ingested
In primitive animals by endocytosis (engulfing
the cell
into
(
contractile vacuole
Transcription+ Translation > help remove excess H2
-
protists from cell ; In fresh water protists
prokaryotes VS eukaryotes
bacterial
- chromosome chromosome
* intron
----
~
~
z
- transcription protein movement
:
transcription various
~
↓ processing
ms' MRNA
RER <Vesicle "golgi apparatus <vesicles targets
~
MINA 5
·
target sequences
~ translation determines
translation~
protein where they go
& protein
S
8
origin of life
atoms , molecules , monomers , macromolecules /
protobiont cell DNA (genetic into
V
RNA
classification of current life forms
IgeneticIntocatatienzumerestore into
synthesis
catalyze replication or protein
-
V
Protein (catalytic enzyme: structural)
bacteria archaea eukarya (w) true nucleus L
ribosome = RNA
a
protistaunicellular eukaryotes,heterotrophiphotoautotron
· most diverse groups archaeabacteria are evidence : wi catalytic
Y
-
of unicellular bacteria prokaryotic + contain some
RNA
activity
(prokaryotic a
eukaryotic dicot plants photoautotrophic
· self catalytic
features plantae-monocots
of +
synthesis
-
survive
anamalia -
all animals ; multicellular , heterotrophic - ribosomal protein
·
first life forms by can
extreme temp r
reducing condition s
ribozyme
requirements to be alive (sustain+ evolve evidence to support evolution theory
metabolism fossils
geneticmateriaa genetic material
·
common
cell Biology methods
*
O comparative anatomy , physiology
cell theory
are made up of cells
·
all organisms
·
cells are basic unit of life
· cellissmallest livingthingaels
structure :
·
microscopy
light microscope
~
transmission e-microscope scanning e-microscope
-
S measurecent
· mort + colors
e-microscope
·
high resolution beam of e-passed e-beam scanned across
macromolecule.
- techniques
I
· a ·
·
affordable
-
magnification -
through the specimen Surface of Specimen
t
L
processing
carbohydrates
need complex
method,
·
· lower magnification of samples e- are knocked off surface calorimetric
resolution
· e-that pass through
expensive
gas chromatography (o),
-
ansurfacetopographyontrast
·
are used to form
·
brightfield TEM, SEM
-
, ·
image
darkfield, phase contrast
differential interference
·
can view cellular ·
false coloring enhances - content of the image > mass spectrometry (ms)
organelles image separating tanalyzing
to view surface
↓ confocal lipids
used to study. used ~
live samples >
lipids ↑L
gas chromatography
new
&
features + 3-D shape
·
>
· ~0 2
up to . um Internal ultrastructure ,
↓ cross sections of
of ultrastructure (GC) ,7mass spectrometry (ms),
structures
high performance liquid
~
cells
DNA RNA
Agarose gels
:
,
chromatography (HPLC)
gel electrophoresis Polyacrylamide gels : proteins
enteamea
I
· cell fractionation +
,
separates
function :
· cell fractionation +
get electrophoresis
-
Isolate cell components Proteins get electrophoresis , mass
#
or molecules
of tissue , cell types , + treatments
Spectrometry , HPLCY amino
condit
. selection
2 centrifugation , assays
selection of procedures > buffers, homogenization ,
acid seauencing , X-ray
7 &
cell fractionation 7
crystallography
"harvest cells
2
grind cells /No
or suitable buffer
suitable buffer
identiceeaa
homogenize cells in
3
" centrifugea various
speeds/durations DNA/RNA gel electrophoresis ,
get electrophoresis capillary electrophoresis ,
·
ned charges of DNA/RNA migrate
toward anude
(large slower)
throughtiny get pores DNA/RNA sequencing
· molecules move depending on size more
· NOT for carbs+ lipids
· biochemical assays to study the enzyme activity or the
types of centrifuges
function of a cell structure · Clinical centrifuge (1-517 RPM)
·
microfuge (14 RPM)
loom
e-microscope & floor model or desktop centrifuge (1-20kRPM)
o
↓ I
cit 10 nm nm
ultra centrifuge (1-80kRPM)
human
microscope &
rotors fixed angle swing bucket
overview of cells , nucleus-
,
ribosomes
ates
pili-atatement stroe
bacteria sell :
prokaryotes eukaryotes
· cells w/out nucleus
&
cells w/ nucleus
# ·
DNA in nucleoid region
· DNA in nucleus
~
on
is
2
where ·
no suchas
proteins attatched broteins his
L - nucleoid-region As a
TO DNA
S a no endomembrane vast endomembrane system
ThecellsDNA is
·
membrane)
·
-
system membrane bound organelles
-
~
organelles
S ribosomes-organelles
· no much larger
·
that ·
small cell size , limited by
·
·
ex : protists, plants , fungi animals
metabolic requirements ,
synthesize proteins exibacteria archaea highly compartmentalized b/c :
· +
plasma membrane- ·
provides greater SA : volume ratio
membrane enclosing ·
btwn diff parts of cell
serves as partitions
the cytoplasm &
enhance range of metabolic function
cellwall-rigid structure ·
provide localized environments for biochemical rxns
outside plasma membrane s
7 Sequester rxns such as respirationa photosynthesis
capsule-jelly-like outer coating
- of many prokaryotes
~ flagellalocomotionsomteateria
-
-
, Eukaryotic cell
↓
I I I ↓
nucleus -
contains cytosol cytoskeleton cell surface
that have the program microtubules
genes cell wall
for most cellular functions
↳ microfilaments
Intermediate
I
junction
<DNA replicatioS
2 cell
filaments
(transcription)
< RNA processing
I I
I
energy organelles meshdomembranesystems ribosomes is
synthesize protn
-
mitochondria found freely in cytoplasm (to make soluble proteins) and
! chloroplasts
functions
I
RER +
SER
<
In RER (to make membrane proteins)
golgi apparatus < more present in eukaryotic cells
e through transcription
URNA-made in nucleus
lysosomes
microbodies ribosomal protein-made in
cytoplasm through translation
vacuoles eukaryotic: prokaryotic
o plasma membrane 48% RNA , 60% protein 20 % RNA , 40 % protein
> nucleolus organizing - centers
for making ribosomes from ribosomal
'
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network of -
RNA and proteins (20-30% of cellular DNA) Interconnected w/ nuclear
envelopey membranes in cytoplasm <extended tubes
nuclear pores on membranes w/ sacs with Internal spaces called cisternale
-
and used for movit of solutes in and out, Smooth ER-folded layers of single membrane by
>
to enter
for mRNA to exit+ proteins
no ribosomes attached
nuclear lamina-protein
Inside of nuclear membrane
lining -
synthesizes lipids detoxifies drugs , , carb.
nuclear proteins : metabolism stores cast necessary for muscle contract.
DNA polymerase-DNA replication > rough ER-folded layers
of membrane w/
:
RNA polymerase-transcription (making RNA) ribosomes attached
DNA binding proteins regulate transcription
-
-
synthesizes membrane proteins
>
-
-
RNA binding/processing proteins
small ribonucleoproteins
↓
lipids
nucleoplasm-fluid in nucleus Suspending DNA , RNA -
golgi apparatus or dictyosomes -
function as
proteins fibers , nucleotides
dispatchingrecieving placeolgiosaccharides
,
central
PNA double helix
Smyristylation-addition of lipids
aroundes
sideisreceiving protests
wrap > 2
only in
animal cells vs plant cells ~ in resides
nucleosomes
I
> proteins are shipped from vesicle to
·
lysosomes ·
chloroplasts from other parts of cell or excreted outside
come Er
bags w/ hydrolytic
or
central vacuole condense 3 Lysosomes membrane
-
·
centrioles ·
goldi
-
tonoplasts W Lenzymes that can break down macromolecules
flagella (in chromatin acidic
put inside rendering hydrolytic
·
more
cell wall
· < is ,
plant sperm) only during enzymes inactive outside lysosome
plasmodesmata
visible
some cell division
W
> helps digest food + microorganisms (phagocytosis)
·
chromosome
replicated
z strands of
chromosomes
or organelles (autophagy
V
chromatids ↑ microbodies-single membrane specialists ; 2 kinds
comparing 3 domains of life > perioxosomes responsible for lipid degradation
-
-
detoxification of active O2 species (byperoxidasea
'evbacteria-true bacteria; prokaryotic cells whout nucleus 1
glyoxysomes specialized
-
peroxisomes in
plant
2
archaea-prokaryotes whout nucleus but has some cells,mainlyin seesa into sugars
eukaryotic features ; lives in extreme temp salt concent,
,
5 vacuoles
methane ↑ sulfur-rich conditions
large central vacuoles present in plant cells
-
>
eukarya-truly nucleated cells w/ membrane bound contains membrane called tohoplast ; up to 90 % Of
+
3
plants plant cell's volume
nucleus , endo membrane system, organelles+ linear of metabolites
function-storage
chromosomes bound w/ histones
animals < food vacuoles -
where food is ingested
In primitive animals by endocytosis (engulfing
the cell
into
(
contractile vacuole
Transcription+ Translation > help remove excess H2
-
protists from cell ; In fresh water protists
prokaryotes VS eukaryotes
bacterial
- chromosome chromosome
* intron
----
~
~
z
- transcription protein movement
:
transcription various
~
↓ processing
ms' MRNA
RER <Vesicle "golgi apparatus <vesicles targets
~
MINA 5
·
target sequences
~ translation determines
translation~
protein where they go
& protein
S
8
