NEW ANES FINAL 2025 UPDATED
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS VERIFIED BY
EXPERTS
What are the most likely targets for anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>NMDA receptor
GABA receptor
How do we define unconsciousness in animals? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>when there is a
loss of righting reflex
analgesia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>absence of pain
What is the MOA of anticholinergic agents? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>competitive
antagonism of AcH at parasympathetic muscarinic cholinergic receptors
What is the MOA of acepromazine? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>central antagonism of D2
dopamine receptors and H1 histamine receptors
peripheral alpha-1 adrenergic blockade
What is the MOA of benzodiazepines? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>GABA agonist
Which drug class causes ADH inhibition, resulting in diuresis? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Alpha-2 agonists
What is the MOA of opioids? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>inhibition of nociceptive information
pathways
What is the MOA of dissociative anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>antagonism of
excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters
Which ketamine combination is commonly used in horses? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>diazepam or midazolam
What is the relationship between MAC and potency? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The higher
the MAC, the lower the potency
MAC of isoflurane - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1.3-1.6%
MAC of sevoflurane - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>2.4-2.6%
T/F: Pre-meds increase the MAC. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>False - premeds decrease MAC
,T/F: The MORE soluble the inhalant is in the blood, the LONGER it takes to produce anesthesia.
- CORRECT ANSWER>>>>True
T/F: All inhalants have a wide safety margin. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>False - inhalants have
a narrow margin of safety
Time constant - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>volume/inflow
T/F: A patient that moves is always considered conscious. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>False -
movement does not equal consciousness
Which stage of anesthesia does involuntary excitement occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Stage 2
Differentials for tachycardia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>electrolyte disturbance
hypotension
anaphylaxis
hypovolemia
Differentials for bradycardia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>increased vagal tone
hypothermia
hyperkalemia
Differentials for tachypnea - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>hypoxemia
hypercarbia
hyperthermia
Differentials for bradypnea/apnea - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>hypothermia
MS weakness
objective monitoring methods - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>ECG
Blood pressure
Hemoglobin saturation (pulse ox)
CO2 production/elimination (capnograph)
Pros/Cons of ECG - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Pros: provides HR and cardiac electrical rhythm
in real time
Cons: does not provide info on cardiac pumping activity
How do you calculate arterial BP? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>HR x SV x SVR
pulse oximeter - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>measures arterial Hgb saturation
Pressure Regulator function - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>reduces high cylinder supply pressure
to a constant lower working pressure
, the oxygen flush valve bypasses the - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>vaporizer
precision vaporizers - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>constant output over time for a wide range of
flows and temperatures
high resistance to flow
Scavenging of waste gases can be done with - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>active or passive
evacuation
What is a disadvantage of the circle system? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>high resistance due to
presence of the unidirectional valves and soda lime canister
How many time constants are required to make a 95% change in concentration? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>3
How do you reduce the time constant? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>increase the flow rate
Which injectable induction agents are GABA agonists? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>propofol
etomidate
alfaxalone
thiopental
Which injectable induction agents are NMDA antagonists? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>ketamine
telazol
What type of metabolism does propofol undergo? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>both hepatic and
extra-hepatic
Which induction agent enhances GABA inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>alfaxalone
alfaxalone is a - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>neuroactive steroid
Ketamine is commonly combined with - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>benzos or alpha-2
(ketamine + medazolam is common)
Etomidate suppresses - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>adrenocortical steroidogenesis
What should you do after anesthetic induction? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>intubate
open o2 flow
connect breathing system
inflate ET cuff
turn on vaporizers
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS VERIFIED BY
EXPERTS
What are the most likely targets for anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>NMDA receptor
GABA receptor
How do we define unconsciousness in animals? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>when there is a
loss of righting reflex
analgesia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>absence of pain
What is the MOA of anticholinergic agents? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>competitive
antagonism of AcH at parasympathetic muscarinic cholinergic receptors
What is the MOA of acepromazine? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>central antagonism of D2
dopamine receptors and H1 histamine receptors
peripheral alpha-1 adrenergic blockade
What is the MOA of benzodiazepines? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>GABA agonist
Which drug class causes ADH inhibition, resulting in diuresis? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Alpha-2 agonists
What is the MOA of opioids? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>inhibition of nociceptive information
pathways
What is the MOA of dissociative anesthetics? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>antagonism of
excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters
Which ketamine combination is commonly used in horses? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>diazepam or midazolam
What is the relationship between MAC and potency? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The higher
the MAC, the lower the potency
MAC of isoflurane - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1.3-1.6%
MAC of sevoflurane - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>2.4-2.6%
T/F: Pre-meds increase the MAC. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>False - premeds decrease MAC
,T/F: The MORE soluble the inhalant is in the blood, the LONGER it takes to produce anesthesia.
- CORRECT ANSWER>>>>True
T/F: All inhalants have a wide safety margin. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>False - inhalants have
a narrow margin of safety
Time constant - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>volume/inflow
T/F: A patient that moves is always considered conscious. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>False -
movement does not equal consciousness
Which stage of anesthesia does involuntary excitement occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Stage 2
Differentials for tachycardia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>electrolyte disturbance
hypotension
anaphylaxis
hypovolemia
Differentials for bradycardia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>increased vagal tone
hypothermia
hyperkalemia
Differentials for tachypnea - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>hypoxemia
hypercarbia
hyperthermia
Differentials for bradypnea/apnea - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>hypothermia
MS weakness
objective monitoring methods - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>ECG
Blood pressure
Hemoglobin saturation (pulse ox)
CO2 production/elimination (capnograph)
Pros/Cons of ECG - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Pros: provides HR and cardiac electrical rhythm
in real time
Cons: does not provide info on cardiac pumping activity
How do you calculate arterial BP? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>HR x SV x SVR
pulse oximeter - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>measures arterial Hgb saturation
Pressure Regulator function - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>reduces high cylinder supply pressure
to a constant lower working pressure
, the oxygen flush valve bypasses the - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>vaporizer
precision vaporizers - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>constant output over time for a wide range of
flows and temperatures
high resistance to flow
Scavenging of waste gases can be done with - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>active or passive
evacuation
What is a disadvantage of the circle system? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>high resistance due to
presence of the unidirectional valves and soda lime canister
How many time constants are required to make a 95% change in concentration? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>3
How do you reduce the time constant? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>increase the flow rate
Which injectable induction agents are GABA agonists? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>propofol
etomidate
alfaxalone
thiopental
Which injectable induction agents are NMDA antagonists? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>ketamine
telazol
What type of metabolism does propofol undergo? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>both hepatic and
extra-hepatic
Which induction agent enhances GABA inhibition? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>alfaxalone
alfaxalone is a - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>neuroactive steroid
Ketamine is commonly combined with - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>benzos or alpha-2
(ketamine + medazolam is common)
Etomidate suppresses - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>adrenocortical steroidogenesis
What should you do after anesthetic induction? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>intubate
open o2 flow
connect breathing system
inflate ET cuff
turn on vaporizers
