BIO 3030: Exam #4 Study Guide (Chapters 14-20)
Chapter 14
1. Compromised Host: An individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease,
therapy, or burns.
2. Disease: An abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions.
3. Epidemiology: The study of where and when diseases occur and
how they are transmitted in populations.
4. Etiology: the cause of a disease.
5. Healthcare-Associated Infection (Fig. 14.9): Infections that are acquired while receiving
treatment in a health care facility, also refered to as nonsocomial infections. HAIs result from:
microorganisms in the hospital environment, the weakened status of the host, and the chain of
transmission in a hospital.
6. Herd Immunity: Immunity found in most of a population.
7. Infection: The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens.
8. Morbidity: The incidence of a specific notifiable disease.
9. Morbidity Rate: The number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given
time period.
10. Mortality: The deaths from notifiable diseases.
11. Mortality Rate: The number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given
time.
12. Notifiable Infectious Diseases: Diseases in which physicians are required to report
occurrence.
13. Pathogenesis: The development of disease
14. Pathology: The study of disease.
,1. Explain Commensal Bacterium.
- The term “Commensal” is used to describe the relationship between two organisms in which
one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected. Examples of Commensal Bacterium include
Staphylococcus epidermidis (found on the skin), corynebacteria that inhabit the surface of the
eye, and certain saprophytic mycobacteria that inhabit the ear and external genitals.
2. Explain Symbiotic Relationships.
- The term “symbiosis” is used to describe the relationship between normal microbiota and the
host, there are 3 types of Symbiotic Relationships.
- Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
(Ex: Staphylococcus epidermidis that is found on the skin)
- Mutualism: A relationship in which both organisms benefit. (Ex: E. coli)
- Parasitism: A relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other.
(Ex: Influenza)
3. How is a Nosocomial Infection passed (communicated) and in what location/place does this
occur?
- Nosocomial Infections (AKA Healthcare-Associated Infections, HAIs) are acquired while
receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. HAIs result from microorganisms in the hospital
environment, a weakened status of the host, and the chain of transmission in a hospital. HAIs
affect every 1 in 25 hospital patients, over 2 million individuals are affected by HAIs per year,
and over 70,000 deaths are caused by HAIs.
4. What diseases are spread by respiratory droplets?
- Droplet Transmission is a way to spread diseases via respiratory droplets (within 1 meter). A
few ways to spread these diseases are by coughing, sneezing, and talking. The diseases that are
associated with droplet transmission include pneumonia, influenza, and pertussis (whooping
cough.)
5. How does Biological Transmission differ from Mechanical Transmission?
- Biological Transmission occurs when the pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via
bites (flea, tick, mosquito) or feces
- Mechanical Transmission occurs when an arthropod (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes) carries the
pathogen on its feet.
, 6. Define Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic,
- Endemic: A disease constantly present in a population
- Epidemic: A disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
- Pandemic: A worldwide epidemic
- Sporadic: A disease that occurs only occasionally.
7. What is a Focal Infection and how does it initially begin?
- A Focal Infection is a systemic infection that begins as a local infection. (A local infection
begins when pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.)
8. The rise in Herd Immunity amongst a population can be directly linked to what action?
- Vaccination.
9. What is the negative effect of washing regularly with antibacterial?
- The negative effect of washing regularly with an antibacterial solution is that your body can
build up a resistance to the antibacterial wash.
10. What is a reservoir of infection?
- A reservoir is a continual source of infection. There are 3 types of reservoirs:
- Human reservoirs are carriers that may have inapparent infections or latent diseases.
- Animal reservoirs: Animals are carriers of Zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted
from animals to humans.
- Nonliving reservoirs: Soil and water
11. Which of the following is NOT a Communicable (infectious) disease?
- A Non-communicable disease is a type of disease that is not spread from one host to another.
An example of a Noncommunicable disease is tetanus, which is caused by Clostridium tetani.
Clostridium tetani only produces disease when it is introduced into the body via abrasions or
Chapter 14
1. Compromised Host: An individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease,
therapy, or burns.
2. Disease: An abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions.
3. Epidemiology: The study of where and when diseases occur and
how they are transmitted in populations.
4. Etiology: the cause of a disease.
5. Healthcare-Associated Infection (Fig. 14.9): Infections that are acquired while receiving
treatment in a health care facility, also refered to as nonsocomial infections. HAIs result from:
microorganisms in the hospital environment, the weakened status of the host, and the chain of
transmission in a hospital.
6. Herd Immunity: Immunity found in most of a population.
7. Infection: The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens.
8. Morbidity: The incidence of a specific notifiable disease.
9. Morbidity Rate: The number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given
time period.
10. Mortality: The deaths from notifiable diseases.
11. Mortality Rate: The number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given
time.
12. Notifiable Infectious Diseases: Diseases in which physicians are required to report
occurrence.
13. Pathogenesis: The development of disease
14. Pathology: The study of disease.
,1. Explain Commensal Bacterium.
- The term “Commensal” is used to describe the relationship between two organisms in which
one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected. Examples of Commensal Bacterium include
Staphylococcus epidermidis (found on the skin), corynebacteria that inhabit the surface of the
eye, and certain saprophytic mycobacteria that inhabit the ear and external genitals.
2. Explain Symbiotic Relationships.
- The term “symbiosis” is used to describe the relationship between normal microbiota and the
host, there are 3 types of Symbiotic Relationships.
- Commensalism: A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
(Ex: Staphylococcus epidermidis that is found on the skin)
- Mutualism: A relationship in which both organisms benefit. (Ex: E. coli)
- Parasitism: A relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other.
(Ex: Influenza)
3. How is a Nosocomial Infection passed (communicated) and in what location/place does this
occur?
- Nosocomial Infections (AKA Healthcare-Associated Infections, HAIs) are acquired while
receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. HAIs result from microorganisms in the hospital
environment, a weakened status of the host, and the chain of transmission in a hospital. HAIs
affect every 1 in 25 hospital patients, over 2 million individuals are affected by HAIs per year,
and over 70,000 deaths are caused by HAIs.
4. What diseases are spread by respiratory droplets?
- Droplet Transmission is a way to spread diseases via respiratory droplets (within 1 meter). A
few ways to spread these diseases are by coughing, sneezing, and talking. The diseases that are
associated with droplet transmission include pneumonia, influenza, and pertussis (whooping
cough.)
5. How does Biological Transmission differ from Mechanical Transmission?
- Biological Transmission occurs when the pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via
bites (flea, tick, mosquito) or feces
- Mechanical Transmission occurs when an arthropod (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes) carries the
pathogen on its feet.
, 6. Define Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic,
- Endemic: A disease constantly present in a population
- Epidemic: A disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
- Pandemic: A worldwide epidemic
- Sporadic: A disease that occurs only occasionally.
7. What is a Focal Infection and how does it initially begin?
- A Focal Infection is a systemic infection that begins as a local infection. (A local infection
begins when pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.)
8. The rise in Herd Immunity amongst a population can be directly linked to what action?
- Vaccination.
9. What is the negative effect of washing regularly with antibacterial?
- The negative effect of washing regularly with an antibacterial solution is that your body can
build up a resistance to the antibacterial wash.
10. What is a reservoir of infection?
- A reservoir is a continual source of infection. There are 3 types of reservoirs:
- Human reservoirs are carriers that may have inapparent infections or latent diseases.
- Animal reservoirs: Animals are carriers of Zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted
from animals to humans.
- Nonliving reservoirs: Soil and water
11. Which of the following is NOT a Communicable (infectious) disease?
- A Non-communicable disease is a type of disease that is not spread from one host to another.
An example of a Noncommunicable disease is tetanus, which is caused by Clostridium tetani.
Clostridium tetani only produces disease when it is introduced into the body via abrasions or
