APHY 101 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS IVY
TECH COMMUNITY COLLEGE INDIANAPOIS
Chapter 4
• Define metabolism.
6. Physiological events that obtain, release, & use energy are largely part of metabolism
of all the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
• Define anabolism and catabolism – give examples of each.
7. Synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with
the storage of energy
a. Growth and mineralization of bone & increases in muscle mass
8. Breakdown of molecules into simpler ones
a. Fats, protein, & carbohydrates
• Explain the process/purpose of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.
1. Joins many simple sugar molecules to form larger molecules of glycogen, which store
energy in their chemical bonds
2. Links glycerol & fatty acid molecules into fat cells to form triglyceride molecules
3. Hydrolysis breaks down carbs into monosaccharide’s
• What type of organic molecule are enzymes? What general function do enzymes have
in the body? What is the role of enzymes in metabolism? Describe how (on a molecular
level) enzymes perform their function.
1. Proteins
2. Speed up the rate of chemical reactions that take places in cells
3. Help break down large molecules
4. Aiding in digestion & metabolism
• What are Cofactors? Coenzymes? How are vitamins important to enzymes?
1. Metal ions
2. non-protein organic molecules that are mostly derivatives of vitamins soluble in
water by phosphorylation; they bind apoenzyme to proteins to produce an active
holoenzyme
3. needed is because they play an indirect role in catalysis, in which enzymes speed up
chemical reactions.
, • What is the structure and function of ATP?
1. The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar
molecule, ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of RNA). Attached to one side
of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in
this case the base is adenine
• What is the purpose of Cellular Respiration? What are the major stages in the Cellular
Respiration Pathway? Where in the cell do the reactions occur? What major events
occur in each stage?
• Define gene, chromosome, and genome.
1. A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to
determine some characteristic of the offspring
2. Threadlike structure of nucleic acids & protein found in the nucleus of most living
cells
3. Haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganisms, or in each cell of a
multicellular organism
• What is meant by complementary base pairing of nucleotides?
• *Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules.
Reference Table 4.1.
• *What is the purpose of Protein Synthesis? What are the major stages of the protein
synthesis reaction?
What major events occur in each stage? Reference Table 4.3.
• Define codon and anti-codon.
1. A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA
or RNA molecule 2. Sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a
transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
• Define mutation and mutagen.
1. Changing of the structure of a gene
2. An agent, such as radiation or chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation
Chapter 5
• Define Histology & Tissue.
9. Study of the form of structures seen under the microscope
, 10. Any distinct type of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of
specialized cells
• *Describe the 3 types of intercellular junctions. Reference Table 5.1.
1. Tight junction – close space between cells by fusing cell membranes
TECH COMMUNITY COLLEGE INDIANAPOIS
Chapter 4
• Define metabolism.
6. Physiological events that obtain, release, & use energy are largely part of metabolism
of all the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
• Define anabolism and catabolism – give examples of each.
7. Synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with
the storage of energy
a. Growth and mineralization of bone & increases in muscle mass
8. Breakdown of molecules into simpler ones
a. Fats, protein, & carbohydrates
• Explain the process/purpose of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.
1. Joins many simple sugar molecules to form larger molecules of glycogen, which store
energy in their chemical bonds
2. Links glycerol & fatty acid molecules into fat cells to form triglyceride molecules
3. Hydrolysis breaks down carbs into monosaccharide’s
• What type of organic molecule are enzymes? What general function do enzymes have
in the body? What is the role of enzymes in metabolism? Describe how (on a molecular
level) enzymes perform their function.
1. Proteins
2. Speed up the rate of chemical reactions that take places in cells
3. Help break down large molecules
4. Aiding in digestion & metabolism
• What are Cofactors? Coenzymes? How are vitamins important to enzymes?
1. Metal ions
2. non-protein organic molecules that are mostly derivatives of vitamins soluble in
water by phosphorylation; they bind apoenzyme to proteins to produce an active
holoenzyme
3. needed is because they play an indirect role in catalysis, in which enzymes speed up
chemical reactions.
, • What is the structure and function of ATP?
1. The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar
molecule, ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of RNA). Attached to one side
of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in
this case the base is adenine
• What is the purpose of Cellular Respiration? What are the major stages in the Cellular
Respiration Pathway? Where in the cell do the reactions occur? What major events
occur in each stage?
• Define gene, chromosome, and genome.
1. A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to
determine some characteristic of the offspring
2. Threadlike structure of nucleic acids & protein found in the nucleus of most living
cells
3. Haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganisms, or in each cell of a
multicellular organism
• What is meant by complementary base pairing of nucleotides?
• *Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules.
Reference Table 4.1.
• *What is the purpose of Protein Synthesis? What are the major stages of the protein
synthesis reaction?
What major events occur in each stage? Reference Table 4.3.
• Define codon and anti-codon.
1. A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA
or RNA molecule 2. Sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a
transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
• Define mutation and mutagen.
1. Changing of the structure of a gene
2. An agent, such as radiation or chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation
Chapter 5
• Define Histology & Tissue.
9. Study of the form of structures seen under the microscope
, 10. Any distinct type of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of
specialized cells
• *Describe the 3 types of intercellular junctions. Reference Table 5.1.
1. Tight junction – close space between cells by fusing cell membranes
