kin 2236 final exam Latest Update 2025-2026 250
Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers
Guaranteed A+
abdominal wall injuries -muscle strain - CORRECT ANSWER: -rectus abdominus (6
pack muscles) most commonly injured
-they have lower rib origin and pubic insertion, they may pull periosteum of pubic rami-
lead to osteitis pubis (cause inflammation of bone bc muscle pulls on it)
-may also see strain in internal/external obliques, which provide rotation and side flexion
-MOI is sudden violent contraction/twisting or recurrent microtrauma
-there is localized pain and spasm at sight of injury
-STTT positive and can do manual muscle testing
abdominal wall injuries- muscular contusions - CORRECT ANSWER: -there is localized
area of tenderness
-increase pain of contraction and decreases on relaxation
-if there is internal bleeding, the abdominal wall will relax and move to a more general
pain around abdomen
-there is not reffered pain
-treat w cold pack and compression
achilles bursitis (superficial calcaneal bursitis) - CORRECT ANSWER: -aka the
subcutaneous bursa
-the bursa is located between the calcaneal prominence or achilles tendon and the skin,
so at bottom of achilles
-pain w posterior aspect of heel w solid swelling, so pain below achilles
-this is often due to excessive friction or by wearing shoes that are too tight or too large
-there will be swelling, but wont be soft
,After primary and if athlete has suspected neck injury and is conscious, what do we do?
- CORRECT ANSWER: -this is after the ABCs are confirmed
-stabilize the C spine
-assure athlete and tell them not to move, be assertive
-get brief history and subjective report
-begin your palpation and assessment, so looking for pain, sensation, weakness or
deformation
-dermatomes, myotomes, what is differential diagnosis?
are concussions getting worse? - CORRECT ANSWER: -there are many concussion
severity scales that have been published, but non have been scientifically validated
-the only way to see the severity is to see how long it takes to recover, so there is no
such thing as minor, severe, grade 1,2 or 3
-the reason time missed is getting longer now is because we are getting smarter w how
we deal w them,so giving more time to heal
-we could also be reporting them more now
blunt intra abdominal injuries - CORRECT ANSWER: -this is the most common athletic
trauma
-severity of symptoms will vary widely
-there is possibility of peritoneal irritation from blood coming from organ or bacteria/intra
abdominal contamination (large intestine)
-depends if they saw it coming bc then they could tighten their muscles quick enough to
avoid injury
can a concussion still occur if the athlete wasnt seen hitting his head? - CORRECT
ANSWER: SRC may be caused by either a direct blow to head, face, or neck, or
elsewhere on the body w an impulsive force transmitted to the head
-40% of are not head on concussion, so doesnt actually need to be hit on the head, the
head could whip forward and back and still cause injury even if there is no direct blow
,Canadian C spine rule - CORRECT ANSWER: 1. if answer yes to any of these, get
radiograph: age 65 or over, dangerous mechanism ( fall from elevation, axial load to
head, MVC high speed, bicycle or motor vehicle), parenthesias in extremities
2. if no to any of these, send for radiograph: simple rearend MVC, sitting position in ED,
ambulatory at any time, delayed neck pain, absene of midline c spine tenderness
3. are they able to rotated neck 45 degrees left and right : if no, send for radiograph
-if yes, then no radiograph
care for nasal fracture - CORRECT ANSWER: secure airway if needed
-control bleeding by external pressure(pinch or use nose plug) or internal packing
-protect and transport for Xray, examination and reduction
-uncomplicated and simple fracture will pose little problem for athletes quick return
commotion cordis - CORRECT ANSWER: -this is most common in 13 and under bc
chest is more pliable
-traumatic blunt trauma over the heart, but hit during the narrow window of heart
repolarization
-this results in cardiac arrest
-occurs in hockey, baseball, lacrosse
-there is immediate death in 50% of cases
-50% brief period of consciousness prior to collapse
-resuscitation seldom sucessfull (basic CPR)
-get AED asap, when delivered within one minute, the reported survival rate is 90%
-resuscitation within 3 minutes has survival rate of 25%
-when it is beyond 3 minutes, the survival rate is 3%
-the total survival rate is approx 15%, which has improves since 10% in 2001
-super imporant to know where AED is in EAP
, do players just need better equipment to avoid concussions? - CORRECT ANSWER: -
the inherent material design of helmets are ideal for preventing high energy impact
forces associated with catastrophic head injuries, but less ideal for reducing the lower
impact/rotattional forces to which concussions are typically related
-so good for skull fracture, but not for preventing what happen inside the skull
- there is strong evidence in overall reduction of head injury w helmets in skiing and
snowboarding bc injuries are more direct blows
-the evidence for mouthguards in preventing SRC is non significant towards a protective
effect in collision sports
do we need to remove helmet or no for hockey? - CORRECT ANSWER: -when shoulder
pads and had helmet on, there is little change in cervical alignment that occurs
compared to control
-when only wearing shoulder pads, there is more lordosis of cervical spine
-so the recommedndation is that stable ice hockey helmets should not be removed from
injured players bc there is unecessary motion of cervical spine
-but remove the face mask
-if you NEED to remove helmet, then remove shoulder pads too
explain how meniscal blood flow works - CORRECT ANSWER: -each meniscus can be
divided into 3 different zones
-the red zone has good blood supply, this is the outer 1/3
-the red-white zone has minimal blood supply, this is the middle 1/3
-the white -white zone is avascular
-so this means that a tear in the red zone will cause bleeding into the joint, so
hemearthrosis, so swells very quickly (1-6 hours) , but this part w heal well and you can
suture it
explain how the lateral portion of the knee is supported by muscles - CORRECT
ANSWER: -the biceps femoris (part of hamstring)
-IT band, which helps stabilize outside of the leg when straight
Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers
Guaranteed A+
abdominal wall injuries -muscle strain - CORRECT ANSWER: -rectus abdominus (6
pack muscles) most commonly injured
-they have lower rib origin and pubic insertion, they may pull periosteum of pubic rami-
lead to osteitis pubis (cause inflammation of bone bc muscle pulls on it)
-may also see strain in internal/external obliques, which provide rotation and side flexion
-MOI is sudden violent contraction/twisting or recurrent microtrauma
-there is localized pain and spasm at sight of injury
-STTT positive and can do manual muscle testing
abdominal wall injuries- muscular contusions - CORRECT ANSWER: -there is localized
area of tenderness
-increase pain of contraction and decreases on relaxation
-if there is internal bleeding, the abdominal wall will relax and move to a more general
pain around abdomen
-there is not reffered pain
-treat w cold pack and compression
achilles bursitis (superficial calcaneal bursitis) - CORRECT ANSWER: -aka the
subcutaneous bursa
-the bursa is located between the calcaneal prominence or achilles tendon and the skin,
so at bottom of achilles
-pain w posterior aspect of heel w solid swelling, so pain below achilles
-this is often due to excessive friction or by wearing shoes that are too tight or too large
-there will be swelling, but wont be soft
,After primary and if athlete has suspected neck injury and is conscious, what do we do?
- CORRECT ANSWER: -this is after the ABCs are confirmed
-stabilize the C spine
-assure athlete and tell them not to move, be assertive
-get brief history and subjective report
-begin your palpation and assessment, so looking for pain, sensation, weakness or
deformation
-dermatomes, myotomes, what is differential diagnosis?
are concussions getting worse? - CORRECT ANSWER: -there are many concussion
severity scales that have been published, but non have been scientifically validated
-the only way to see the severity is to see how long it takes to recover, so there is no
such thing as minor, severe, grade 1,2 or 3
-the reason time missed is getting longer now is because we are getting smarter w how
we deal w them,so giving more time to heal
-we could also be reporting them more now
blunt intra abdominal injuries - CORRECT ANSWER: -this is the most common athletic
trauma
-severity of symptoms will vary widely
-there is possibility of peritoneal irritation from blood coming from organ or bacteria/intra
abdominal contamination (large intestine)
-depends if they saw it coming bc then they could tighten their muscles quick enough to
avoid injury
can a concussion still occur if the athlete wasnt seen hitting his head? - CORRECT
ANSWER: SRC may be caused by either a direct blow to head, face, or neck, or
elsewhere on the body w an impulsive force transmitted to the head
-40% of are not head on concussion, so doesnt actually need to be hit on the head, the
head could whip forward and back and still cause injury even if there is no direct blow
,Canadian C spine rule - CORRECT ANSWER: 1. if answer yes to any of these, get
radiograph: age 65 or over, dangerous mechanism ( fall from elevation, axial load to
head, MVC high speed, bicycle or motor vehicle), parenthesias in extremities
2. if no to any of these, send for radiograph: simple rearend MVC, sitting position in ED,
ambulatory at any time, delayed neck pain, absene of midline c spine tenderness
3. are they able to rotated neck 45 degrees left and right : if no, send for radiograph
-if yes, then no radiograph
care for nasal fracture - CORRECT ANSWER: secure airway if needed
-control bleeding by external pressure(pinch or use nose plug) or internal packing
-protect and transport for Xray, examination and reduction
-uncomplicated and simple fracture will pose little problem for athletes quick return
commotion cordis - CORRECT ANSWER: -this is most common in 13 and under bc
chest is more pliable
-traumatic blunt trauma over the heart, but hit during the narrow window of heart
repolarization
-this results in cardiac arrest
-occurs in hockey, baseball, lacrosse
-there is immediate death in 50% of cases
-50% brief period of consciousness prior to collapse
-resuscitation seldom sucessfull (basic CPR)
-get AED asap, when delivered within one minute, the reported survival rate is 90%
-resuscitation within 3 minutes has survival rate of 25%
-when it is beyond 3 minutes, the survival rate is 3%
-the total survival rate is approx 15%, which has improves since 10% in 2001
-super imporant to know where AED is in EAP
, do players just need better equipment to avoid concussions? - CORRECT ANSWER: -
the inherent material design of helmets are ideal for preventing high energy impact
forces associated with catastrophic head injuries, but less ideal for reducing the lower
impact/rotattional forces to which concussions are typically related
-so good for skull fracture, but not for preventing what happen inside the skull
- there is strong evidence in overall reduction of head injury w helmets in skiing and
snowboarding bc injuries are more direct blows
-the evidence for mouthguards in preventing SRC is non significant towards a protective
effect in collision sports
do we need to remove helmet or no for hockey? - CORRECT ANSWER: -when shoulder
pads and had helmet on, there is little change in cervical alignment that occurs
compared to control
-when only wearing shoulder pads, there is more lordosis of cervical spine
-so the recommedndation is that stable ice hockey helmets should not be removed from
injured players bc there is unecessary motion of cervical spine
-but remove the face mask
-if you NEED to remove helmet, then remove shoulder pads too
explain how meniscal blood flow works - CORRECT ANSWER: -each meniscus can be
divided into 3 different zones
-the red zone has good blood supply, this is the outer 1/3
-the red-white zone has minimal blood supply, this is the middle 1/3
-the white -white zone is avascular
-so this means that a tear in the red zone will cause bleeding into the joint, so
hemearthrosis, so swells very quickly (1-6 hours) , but this part w heal well and you can
suture it
explain how the lateral portion of the knee is supported by muscles - CORRECT
ANSWER: -the biceps femoris (part of hamstring)
-IT band, which helps stabilize outside of the leg when straight
