Pathophysiology D236 Worksheets
• Section 1 (24%)
• Lesson 1: Homeostasis
• Lesson 2: Cellular Response and Adaptation
• Section 2 (6%)
• Lesson 3: Musculoskeletal System
• Lesson 4: Integumentary System
• Section 3 (10%)
• Lesson 5: Neurologic Systems
• Section 4 (22%)
• Lesson 6: Cardiovascular Systems
• Lesson 7: Lymphatic System
• Section 5 (6%)
• Lesson 8: Respiratory System
• Section 6 (16%)
• Lesson 9: Gastrointestinal System
• Lesson 10: Renal System
• Section 7 (16%)
• Lesson 11: Endocrine System
• Lesson 12: Reproductive System
,D236 Pathophysiology Worksheet – Section 1
Lesson 1 Homeostasis
Learning Objectives
1. Describe homeostasis and the importance to maintain optimal physiological health and
wellbeing.
2. Examine the impact of disrupted homeostasis on physiological wellbeing.
3. Explore internal and external influences on physiological wellbeing.
Learning Objective: Describe homeostasis and the importance to maintain optimal
physiological health and wellbeing.
Text 115-121
a) Distinguish between intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and interstitial fluid:
Location % of body weight
In inside the
intracellular fluid (ICF) 40%
cell
extracellular fluid (ECF) Outside the 20%
cell
interstitial fluid (ISF) Around the 15%
cell
b) Distinguish between osmotic and oncotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a
high solute concentration. Oncotic pressure is the force exerted by proteins (albumin) in the
blood that draws water into the blood vessels. The proteins in the blood plasma create an
osmotic force that attracts water from the surrounding tissues, helping to maintain the proper
balance of fluids in the body. A decrease in oncotic pressure can lead to edema, which is the
accumulation of excess fluids in tissues
c) What are the major solutes in the body?
Intracellular Osmotic Solutes: Potassium, magnesium, organic phosphate, & protein.
Extracellular Osmotic Solutes: sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
d) Distinguish between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions.
Starling’s law of capillary forces balances which two forces?
Isotonic solutions- equal osmotic pressures
hypotonic solutions- lower osmotic pressure.
lower solute concentration of salt and sugars than the blood, & therefore is absorbed at a
faster rate. net movement of water into the cell, causing it to swell and eventually burst
(plasmolysis).
hypertonic solutions- high osmotic pressure enables the solutes to move along a
concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration). When a solution is
hypertonic, this may cause cells to shrink and shrivel —the result of net movement out of the cell via the
semipermeable membrane
Revised 01/06/2023 Lesson 1: Homeostasis Page 1 of 7
, e) Describe the RAAS system for maintaining blood volume. Create a diagram or
flow chart to explain this system to yourself.
2. The renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)
involves several steps, including:
3. 1. When your blood pressure
falls, your kidneys release the
enzyme renin into your
4. bloodstream.
5. 2. Renin splits angiotensinogen,
a protein your liver makes and
releases, into pieces. One
6. piece is the hormone
angiotensin I.
7. 3. Angiotensin I, which is
inactive (doesn’t cause any
effects), flows through your
Revised 01/06/2023 Lesson 1: Homeostasis Page 2 of 7
, 8. bloodstream and is split into
pieces by angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) in your lungs
9. and kidneys. One of those
pieces is angiotensin II, an active
hormone.
10. 4. Angiotensin II causes the
muscular walls of small arteries
(arterioles) to constrict
11. (narrow), which increases blood
pressure. Angiotensin II also
triggers your adrenal glands
12. to release aldosterone and your
pituitary gland to release
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or
13. vasopressin).
Revised 01/06/2023 Lesson 1: Homeostasis Page 3 of 7
• Section 1 (24%)
• Lesson 1: Homeostasis
• Lesson 2: Cellular Response and Adaptation
• Section 2 (6%)
• Lesson 3: Musculoskeletal System
• Lesson 4: Integumentary System
• Section 3 (10%)
• Lesson 5: Neurologic Systems
• Section 4 (22%)
• Lesson 6: Cardiovascular Systems
• Lesson 7: Lymphatic System
• Section 5 (6%)
• Lesson 8: Respiratory System
• Section 6 (16%)
• Lesson 9: Gastrointestinal System
• Lesson 10: Renal System
• Section 7 (16%)
• Lesson 11: Endocrine System
• Lesson 12: Reproductive System
,D236 Pathophysiology Worksheet – Section 1
Lesson 1 Homeostasis
Learning Objectives
1. Describe homeostasis and the importance to maintain optimal physiological health and
wellbeing.
2. Examine the impact of disrupted homeostasis on physiological wellbeing.
3. Explore internal and external influences on physiological wellbeing.
Learning Objective: Describe homeostasis and the importance to maintain optimal
physiological health and wellbeing.
Text 115-121
a) Distinguish between intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and interstitial fluid:
Location % of body weight
In inside the
intracellular fluid (ICF) 40%
cell
extracellular fluid (ECF) Outside the 20%
cell
interstitial fluid (ISF) Around the 15%
cell
b) Distinguish between osmotic and oncotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a
high solute concentration. Oncotic pressure is the force exerted by proteins (albumin) in the
blood that draws water into the blood vessels. The proteins in the blood plasma create an
osmotic force that attracts water from the surrounding tissues, helping to maintain the proper
balance of fluids in the body. A decrease in oncotic pressure can lead to edema, which is the
accumulation of excess fluids in tissues
c) What are the major solutes in the body?
Intracellular Osmotic Solutes: Potassium, magnesium, organic phosphate, & protein.
Extracellular Osmotic Solutes: sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
d) Distinguish between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions.
Starling’s law of capillary forces balances which two forces?
Isotonic solutions- equal osmotic pressures
hypotonic solutions- lower osmotic pressure.
lower solute concentration of salt and sugars than the blood, & therefore is absorbed at a
faster rate. net movement of water into the cell, causing it to swell and eventually burst
(plasmolysis).
hypertonic solutions- high osmotic pressure enables the solutes to move along a
concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration). When a solution is
hypertonic, this may cause cells to shrink and shrivel —the result of net movement out of the cell via the
semipermeable membrane
Revised 01/06/2023 Lesson 1: Homeostasis Page 1 of 7
, e) Describe the RAAS system for maintaining blood volume. Create a diagram or
flow chart to explain this system to yourself.
2. The renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)
involves several steps, including:
3. 1. When your blood pressure
falls, your kidneys release the
enzyme renin into your
4. bloodstream.
5. 2. Renin splits angiotensinogen,
a protein your liver makes and
releases, into pieces. One
6. piece is the hormone
angiotensin I.
7. 3. Angiotensin I, which is
inactive (doesn’t cause any
effects), flows through your
Revised 01/06/2023 Lesson 1: Homeostasis Page 2 of 7
, 8. bloodstream and is split into
pieces by angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) in your lungs
9. and kidneys. One of those
pieces is angiotensin II, an active
hormone.
10. 4. Angiotensin II causes the
muscular walls of small arteries
(arterioles) to constrict
11. (narrow), which increases blood
pressure. Angiotensin II also
triggers your adrenal glands
12. to release aldosterone and your
pituitary gland to release
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or
13. vasopressin).
Revised 01/06/2023 Lesson 1: Homeostasis Page 3 of 7
