Nancy-Moreno NRW CC Q & A (+254723415013)
1. Highlights three components of water balance
➢ System input-The total volume of water entering the distribution system, which
includes both the water supplied by the utility and any external sources such as
purchased water or transfers.
➢ Authorized consumption-The volume of water that is accounted for and billed
to customers based on meter readings and accurate billing practices.
➢ Apparent losses-The volume of water that is lost due to inaccuracies in
metering, data handling errors, or unauthorized consumption.
➢ Real losses-The volume of water lost through physical leaks in the distribution
system, including leaks in pipes, fittings, valves, and other infrastructure.
➢ Unbilled authorized consumption-The volume of water that is consumed by
authorized users but not billed due to specific agreements or exemptions (e.g.,
firefighting etc.
2. Outline 3 leak detection tools and equipment used during operations and
maintenance of water supply disruption.
➢ Acoustic Leak Detectors-These devices use sound waves to detect leaks by
listening for the sound of water escaping from pipes.
➢ Ground Microphones-They are used to amplify the sound of leaks
underground.
➢ Leak Noise Correlators-They are used to analyze the sound of leaks at
different points in the water network
➢ Pressure Loggers-They measure and record pressure changes in the water
network.
➢ Flow Meters-Flow meters measure the flow rate of water in pipes.
➢ Thermal Imaging Cameras- They detect temperature differences on the surface
of pipes.
➢ Pipe Inspection Cameras-These are used to visually inspect the inside of pipes
for signs of leaks, such as cracks, corrosion, or joint failures.
3. Define the term non-revenue water.
➢ Water that is lost in a water distribution system before it reaches the end
consumer.
4. Non-revenue comprises 3 components highlight them
➢ Unbilled authorized consumption.
➢ Apparent losses (water theft and metering inaccuracies)
➢ Real losses (from transmission mains, storage facilities, distribution mains or
service connections)
, Nancy-Moreno NRW CC Q & A (+254723415013)
5. Using a well labeled diagram, explain the vicious cycle
➢ A utility has high NRW which means it has lower revenues, which means it
does not have funding to fix the problems that cause NRW.
The water utility can achieve long-term sustainability, reduce NRW to minimal levels,
and provide high-quality service to its customers.
6. Explain the relevance of NRW reduction to the consumers
➢ More water being available for consumption that can be sold
➢ Delaying the need for capital investments
➢ Lower operating costs
➢ Reducing commercial losses will generate more revenue.
, Nancy-Moreno NRW CC Q & A (+254723415013)
7. Highlight 2 forms of water theft
➢ Unauthorized consumption
➢ Illegal connections.
8. Highlight three components of water balance
➢ System input
➢ Authorized consumption
➢ Apparent losses
➢ Real losses
➢ Unbilled authorized consumption
9. Identify two types of water meters
➢ Mechanical
➢ Electromagnetic
➢ Ultrasonic
10. State 3 significance of zoning in water supply system
➢ Improve water pressure management
➢ Enhance leak detection and response
➢ Optimize maintenance and repairs
➢ Enable water quality monitoring
➢ Support water resource management
11. Explain two ways one can be able to identify non visible leakages in the water
distribution network
➢ Acoustic Leak Detectors
➢ Ground Microphones
➢ Leak Noise Correlators
12. Explain 3 causes of physical water losses experienced in water utilities
➢ Leakage from transmission and distribution mains
➢ Leakage and overflows from the utility’s reservoirs and storage tanks
➢ Leakage on consumer service line
13. Outline 3 ways water utilities manage real losses
➢ Water pressure control-i.e., Pressure equalization & set up pressure control
facilities
➢ Pipe replacement I.e., Planning & implementation
➢ Pipework i.e., Leak repair, Leak detection & zoning
14. Highlight 3 tools or equipment used to manage commercial water losses
➢ Metering
➢ Billing
➢ Data handling
15. Explain 3 ways a non-Revenue water officer can identify an illegal connection
➢ Physical Inspections and Patrols
➢ Routine Inspections
➢ Suspicious Activity Monitoring
1. Highlights three components of water balance
➢ System input-The total volume of water entering the distribution system, which
includes both the water supplied by the utility and any external sources such as
purchased water or transfers.
➢ Authorized consumption-The volume of water that is accounted for and billed
to customers based on meter readings and accurate billing practices.
➢ Apparent losses-The volume of water that is lost due to inaccuracies in
metering, data handling errors, or unauthorized consumption.
➢ Real losses-The volume of water lost through physical leaks in the distribution
system, including leaks in pipes, fittings, valves, and other infrastructure.
➢ Unbilled authorized consumption-The volume of water that is consumed by
authorized users but not billed due to specific agreements or exemptions (e.g.,
firefighting etc.
2. Outline 3 leak detection tools and equipment used during operations and
maintenance of water supply disruption.
➢ Acoustic Leak Detectors-These devices use sound waves to detect leaks by
listening for the sound of water escaping from pipes.
➢ Ground Microphones-They are used to amplify the sound of leaks
underground.
➢ Leak Noise Correlators-They are used to analyze the sound of leaks at
different points in the water network
➢ Pressure Loggers-They measure and record pressure changes in the water
network.
➢ Flow Meters-Flow meters measure the flow rate of water in pipes.
➢ Thermal Imaging Cameras- They detect temperature differences on the surface
of pipes.
➢ Pipe Inspection Cameras-These are used to visually inspect the inside of pipes
for signs of leaks, such as cracks, corrosion, or joint failures.
3. Define the term non-revenue water.
➢ Water that is lost in a water distribution system before it reaches the end
consumer.
4. Non-revenue comprises 3 components highlight them
➢ Unbilled authorized consumption.
➢ Apparent losses (water theft and metering inaccuracies)
➢ Real losses (from transmission mains, storage facilities, distribution mains or
service connections)
, Nancy-Moreno NRW CC Q & A (+254723415013)
5. Using a well labeled diagram, explain the vicious cycle
➢ A utility has high NRW which means it has lower revenues, which means it
does not have funding to fix the problems that cause NRW.
The water utility can achieve long-term sustainability, reduce NRW to minimal levels,
and provide high-quality service to its customers.
6. Explain the relevance of NRW reduction to the consumers
➢ More water being available for consumption that can be sold
➢ Delaying the need for capital investments
➢ Lower operating costs
➢ Reducing commercial losses will generate more revenue.
, Nancy-Moreno NRW CC Q & A (+254723415013)
7. Highlight 2 forms of water theft
➢ Unauthorized consumption
➢ Illegal connections.
8. Highlight three components of water balance
➢ System input
➢ Authorized consumption
➢ Apparent losses
➢ Real losses
➢ Unbilled authorized consumption
9. Identify two types of water meters
➢ Mechanical
➢ Electromagnetic
➢ Ultrasonic
10. State 3 significance of zoning in water supply system
➢ Improve water pressure management
➢ Enhance leak detection and response
➢ Optimize maintenance and repairs
➢ Enable water quality monitoring
➢ Support water resource management
11. Explain two ways one can be able to identify non visible leakages in the water
distribution network
➢ Acoustic Leak Detectors
➢ Ground Microphones
➢ Leak Noise Correlators
12. Explain 3 causes of physical water losses experienced in water utilities
➢ Leakage from transmission and distribution mains
➢ Leakage and overflows from the utility’s reservoirs and storage tanks
➢ Leakage on consumer service line
13. Outline 3 ways water utilities manage real losses
➢ Water pressure control-i.e., Pressure equalization & set up pressure control
facilities
➢ Pipe replacement I.e., Planning & implementation
➢ Pipework i.e., Leak repair, Leak detection & zoning
14. Highlight 3 tools or equipment used to manage commercial water losses
➢ Metering
➢ Billing
➢ Data handling
15. Explain 3 ways a non-Revenue water officer can identify an illegal connection
➢ Physical Inspections and Patrols
➢ Routine Inspections
➢ Suspicious Activity Monitoring
