SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY - Is the study of nematodes or roundworms.
MICROBIOLOGY
- Study of organisms that are small that cannot be seen HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
by naked eye. - The discovery of microorganisms revolutionized
- Came from the Greek word mikros means “small” science. From Leeuwenhoek’s first observations to
and bio means “life”. Koch’s postulates, the history of microbiology is rich
- Germ is derived from the Latin word “germen” with milestones and breakthroughs.
means to sprout or germinate.
- To explain disease-causing cell that grew quickly. EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY
- Collectively known as microbes. - Archeologist and evolutionists have uncovered the
evidences of primitive microorganisms like fossils
PARASITOLOGY dating back to as early as 3.5 billion years ago.
- 3 major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, - Infectious diseases have existed for thousands of
parasitic helminths (worms), and arthropods. years like the plague which broke out in Egypt in
- Directly cause disease or act as vectors of pathogens. 1122.
Before the actual discovery of microbiology in the 17 th
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY century:
- Microbes encompass a vast array of organism Jainism
including, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. Their - Postulated the existence of unseen microbiological
diversity and adaptability make them essential to life.
ecosystems and human health. - They written the first century book, On Agriculture
(by Marcus Terentius Varro)
CELLS
- Are the basic building blocks of all living things Robert Hooke
2 main classes of cells: - 1635 – 1703
Prokaryotic cells - 1665 “Micrographia”
- Single cell - He discovered cell
- With nucleus (genetic material or DNA stored) - Cell – basic unit of living organism
- With membrane – bound organelles (help cell - Foundation of Cell Theory in 1665
function) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Eukaryotic cells - 1632 – 1723
- Multicellular - Created the single lens microscope
- Found in animals, plants, protists, fungi - Father of Microbiology, Bacteriology, and
- Acellular – virus Protozoology
- 1670: in many of the specimens, he observed various
DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY tiny living creatures, which he called “animalcules”.
Virology Edward Jenner
- Involves the study of viruses (acellular organism) - 1749 – 1823
Bacteriology - English Physician
- This branch focuses on the study of bacteria - In 1796, he reported the use of material scraped from
Mycology the skin of an individual infected with cowpox to
- The study of fungi, including yeasts, molds, and immunize a child against small pox.
mushrooms. - He pioneered the concept of vaccines including the
Parasitology smallpox vaccine, the world’s first ever vaccine.
- Deals with the study of parasites - Smallpox vaccine (cowpox against smallpox).
Phycology - He prevent smallpox
- This revolves around the study of algae Louis Pasteur
Immunology - 1822 – 1895
- Focuses on the immune system - Father of Modern Microbiology
Protozoology - Father of Bacteriology
- This involves the study of protozoa or single-celled - Introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”
protists. - Developed the process of pasteurization
Nematology
,- Pasteurization – process in which liquid such as milk intruments, dressing wounds with carbolic acid
were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 °C. (phenol).
- Created first vaccines for both rabies and anthrax. - Introduced aseptic techniques for control of microbes
- Discovered that in alcoholic fermentation, acetobacter by the use of physical and chemical agents.
convert glucose to acetic acid. - One of the pioneers of infection control.
- Alcoholic Fermentation – the metabolic process by - Founder of antiseptic medicine
which organic molecules (normally glucose) are - Pioneer in preventive medicine
converted into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence - Antiseptic – absence of microorganisms
oxygen. Paul Ehrlich
Robert Koch - Discovered the first antibiotic for Syphilis called
- 1843 – 1910 “Salvarsan”.
- Father of culture media - Heralded the “Magic Bullet” of chemotherapy and
- Proved the Germ Theory with the use of the Koch’s use of chemicals that selectively inhibit or kill
Postulate. pathogens without causing damage to the patient.
- Isolated the specific bacteria that caused diseases like: - He found that the dye “Trypan Red” was active
Myobacterium Tuberculosis (1882), Vibrio Cholerae against trypanosome that causes African Sleeping
(1883), Anthrax Bacillus (bacillus anthracis, the cause Sickness.
of anthrax) (1876). Alexander Fleming
- Perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in - 1881 – 1955
pure culture. - In 1929, he discovered the first antibiotic penicillin
- He also established the Koch’s Four Postulates from a mold called “Penicillium Nonatum”.
The Koch’s Four Postulates Selman Abraham Waksman
1. Microorganism must be observed in every case of the - 1888 – 1973
disease. - Father of antibiotic
2. It must be isolated a grown in pure culture. - Researched into decomposition of organisms that live
3. The pure culture, when inoculated in animals, must in soil.
reproduce the disease. - Enabled the discovery of streptomycin and several
4. Microorganism must be recovered from the diseased other antibiotic.
animal. Hans Christian Gram
Richard J. Petri - 1853 – 1938
- Developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures - Inventor of the “Gram staining technique”
could be grown and manipulated. - Pioneering biologist who devised the system of
- A German microbiologist who is generally credited classification which led to 30,000 formally named
with inventing the device known as Petri dish. species of bacteria.
Fanny Hesse Theodor Escherich
- Developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for - 1857 – 1911
microbiological. - Discovered the bacterium which he called “Bacterium
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis coli commune” and which was later to be called
- 1855 - 1916 “Escherichia coli” in 1919.
- Use antiseptic procedures to prevent “childbirth” or John Tyndall
puerperal fever. - 1820 – 1893
- Describes or known as the “saviour of mother” - Discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later
proposed the practice of washing hands with known as “Endospore”, in the infusion of hay.
chlorinated lime solutions in 1847. - Tyndallization – process of prolong boiling or
- Puerperal Fever – fever experienced by postpartum intermittent heating to kill spores, to make the
mothers. Fever that last for more than 24 hours of the infusion completely sterilized.
first 10 days after women has a baby. - Demonstrated that dust did carry germs
Joseph Lister - Created a process to destroy heat-resistant bacteria
- 1827 – 1912 by eradicating bacteria.
- Father of Antiseptic Surgery - Fractional sterilization (steam at atmospheric
- Father of Modern Sugery pressure).
- Introduced procedure known as Antiseptic (against Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser
sepsis) surgery, included handwashing, sterilizing - 1855 – 1916
, - Discovered that causative agent of gonorrhea, a strain
of bacteria that was named in his honor “Neisseria
gonorrhoeae”.
John Snow
- 1813 – 1858
- Father of Field Epidemiology
- Mapped cholera cases in the Soho area of London
- Makes him able to identify source of the disease in
the area: Contaminated water from a public well
pump.
- Developed geographic distribution of cases is called a
“Spot Map”.
Luc Antoine Montagnier
- Discovered the human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
ROLE OF MICROBES IN HEALTH
- Microbes play crucial roles in digestion immunity,
and even mental health. Understanding the
microbiome has opened new doors for medical
research and therapies.
MICROBES IN INDUSTRY
- From fermentation to bioremediation microbes are
indispensable in various industries. Their ability to
produce enzymes and bioactive compounds has
revolutionized biotechnology.
MICROBIOLOGY
- Study of organisms that are small that cannot be seen HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
by naked eye. - The discovery of microorganisms revolutionized
- Came from the Greek word mikros means “small” science. From Leeuwenhoek’s first observations to
and bio means “life”. Koch’s postulates, the history of microbiology is rich
- Germ is derived from the Latin word “germen” with milestones and breakthroughs.
means to sprout or germinate.
- To explain disease-causing cell that grew quickly. EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY
- Collectively known as microbes. - Archeologist and evolutionists have uncovered the
evidences of primitive microorganisms like fossils
PARASITOLOGY dating back to as early as 3.5 billion years ago.
- 3 major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, - Infectious diseases have existed for thousands of
parasitic helminths (worms), and arthropods. years like the plague which broke out in Egypt in
- Directly cause disease or act as vectors of pathogens. 1122.
Before the actual discovery of microbiology in the 17 th
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY century:
- Microbes encompass a vast array of organism Jainism
including, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. Their - Postulated the existence of unseen microbiological
diversity and adaptability make them essential to life.
ecosystems and human health. - They written the first century book, On Agriculture
(by Marcus Terentius Varro)
CELLS
- Are the basic building blocks of all living things Robert Hooke
2 main classes of cells: - 1635 – 1703
Prokaryotic cells - 1665 “Micrographia”
- Single cell - He discovered cell
- With nucleus (genetic material or DNA stored) - Cell – basic unit of living organism
- With membrane – bound organelles (help cell - Foundation of Cell Theory in 1665
function) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Eukaryotic cells - 1632 – 1723
- Multicellular - Created the single lens microscope
- Found in animals, plants, protists, fungi - Father of Microbiology, Bacteriology, and
- Acellular – virus Protozoology
- 1670: in many of the specimens, he observed various
DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY tiny living creatures, which he called “animalcules”.
Virology Edward Jenner
- Involves the study of viruses (acellular organism) - 1749 – 1823
Bacteriology - English Physician
- This branch focuses on the study of bacteria - In 1796, he reported the use of material scraped from
Mycology the skin of an individual infected with cowpox to
- The study of fungi, including yeasts, molds, and immunize a child against small pox.
mushrooms. - He pioneered the concept of vaccines including the
Parasitology smallpox vaccine, the world’s first ever vaccine.
- Deals with the study of parasites - Smallpox vaccine (cowpox against smallpox).
Phycology - He prevent smallpox
- This revolves around the study of algae Louis Pasteur
Immunology - 1822 – 1895
- Focuses on the immune system - Father of Modern Microbiology
Protozoology - Father of Bacteriology
- This involves the study of protozoa or single-celled - Introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”
protists. - Developed the process of pasteurization
Nematology
,- Pasteurization – process in which liquid such as milk intruments, dressing wounds with carbolic acid
were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 °C. (phenol).
- Created first vaccines for both rabies and anthrax. - Introduced aseptic techniques for control of microbes
- Discovered that in alcoholic fermentation, acetobacter by the use of physical and chemical agents.
convert glucose to acetic acid. - One of the pioneers of infection control.
- Alcoholic Fermentation – the metabolic process by - Founder of antiseptic medicine
which organic molecules (normally glucose) are - Pioneer in preventive medicine
converted into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence - Antiseptic – absence of microorganisms
oxygen. Paul Ehrlich
Robert Koch - Discovered the first antibiotic for Syphilis called
- 1843 – 1910 “Salvarsan”.
- Father of culture media - Heralded the “Magic Bullet” of chemotherapy and
- Proved the Germ Theory with the use of the Koch’s use of chemicals that selectively inhibit or kill
Postulate. pathogens without causing damage to the patient.
- Isolated the specific bacteria that caused diseases like: - He found that the dye “Trypan Red” was active
Myobacterium Tuberculosis (1882), Vibrio Cholerae against trypanosome that causes African Sleeping
(1883), Anthrax Bacillus (bacillus anthracis, the cause Sickness.
of anthrax) (1876). Alexander Fleming
- Perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in - 1881 – 1955
pure culture. - In 1929, he discovered the first antibiotic penicillin
- He also established the Koch’s Four Postulates from a mold called “Penicillium Nonatum”.
The Koch’s Four Postulates Selman Abraham Waksman
1. Microorganism must be observed in every case of the - 1888 – 1973
disease. - Father of antibiotic
2. It must be isolated a grown in pure culture. - Researched into decomposition of organisms that live
3. The pure culture, when inoculated in animals, must in soil.
reproduce the disease. - Enabled the discovery of streptomycin and several
4. Microorganism must be recovered from the diseased other antibiotic.
animal. Hans Christian Gram
Richard J. Petri - 1853 – 1938
- Developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures - Inventor of the “Gram staining technique”
could be grown and manipulated. - Pioneering biologist who devised the system of
- A German microbiologist who is generally credited classification which led to 30,000 formally named
with inventing the device known as Petri dish. species of bacteria.
Fanny Hesse Theodor Escherich
- Developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for - 1857 – 1911
microbiological. - Discovered the bacterium which he called “Bacterium
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis coli commune” and which was later to be called
- 1855 - 1916 “Escherichia coli” in 1919.
- Use antiseptic procedures to prevent “childbirth” or John Tyndall
puerperal fever. - 1820 – 1893
- Describes or known as the “saviour of mother” - Discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later
proposed the practice of washing hands with known as “Endospore”, in the infusion of hay.
chlorinated lime solutions in 1847. - Tyndallization – process of prolong boiling or
- Puerperal Fever – fever experienced by postpartum intermittent heating to kill spores, to make the
mothers. Fever that last for more than 24 hours of the infusion completely sterilized.
first 10 days after women has a baby. - Demonstrated that dust did carry germs
Joseph Lister - Created a process to destroy heat-resistant bacteria
- 1827 – 1912 by eradicating bacteria.
- Father of Antiseptic Surgery - Fractional sterilization (steam at atmospheric
- Father of Modern Sugery pressure).
- Introduced procedure known as Antiseptic (against Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser
sepsis) surgery, included handwashing, sterilizing - 1855 – 1916
, - Discovered that causative agent of gonorrhea, a strain
of bacteria that was named in his honor “Neisseria
gonorrhoeae”.
John Snow
- 1813 – 1858
- Father of Field Epidemiology
- Mapped cholera cases in the Soho area of London
- Makes him able to identify source of the disease in
the area: Contaminated water from a public well
pump.
- Developed geographic distribution of cases is called a
“Spot Map”.
Luc Antoine Montagnier
- Discovered the human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
ROLE OF MICROBES IN HEALTH
- Microbes play crucial roles in digestion immunity,
and even mental health. Understanding the
microbiome has opened new doors for medical
research and therapies.
MICROBES IN INDUSTRY
- From fermentation to bioremediation microbes are
indispensable in various industries. Their ability to
produce enzymes and bioactive compounds has
revolutionized biotechnology.
