NR-507 ADVANCED PATHOOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM EXAM
What is chronic kidney disease?
long term, permanent decline of renal function
What is end stage renal disease?
-the final stage of CKD
-number one cause is DM combined with HTN
-pt. completely dependent on dialysis
What is vesicoureteral reflux?
retrograde projection of urine from bladder to the ureters and kidneys
caused by insufficient tunneling of the ureters into submucosal bladder tissue,
leading to ineffective restriction of retrograde urine flow during bladder
contraction
What is systole?
Contraction of the heart which pumps blood
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
What produces S1 and S2 sound?
closing of the heart valves
, What produces S1?
The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole
What produces S2 sound?
The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in diastole
What is cardiac output?
the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
What is stroke volume?
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle with contraction
What determines cardiac output?
stroke volume and heart rate
What is preload?
the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts, related to ventricular filling,
end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the ventricle during diastole
What is afterload?
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
How does blood flow through the heart?
Deoxygenated venous blood → Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid
(AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it contracts) → Blood ejected through
MIDTERM EXAM
What is chronic kidney disease?
long term, permanent decline of renal function
What is end stage renal disease?
-the final stage of CKD
-number one cause is DM combined with HTN
-pt. completely dependent on dialysis
What is vesicoureteral reflux?
retrograde projection of urine from bladder to the ureters and kidneys
caused by insufficient tunneling of the ureters into submucosal bladder tissue,
leading to ineffective restriction of retrograde urine flow during bladder
contraction
What is systole?
Contraction of the heart which pumps blood
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
What produces S1 and S2 sound?
closing of the heart valves
, What produces S1?
The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole
What produces S2 sound?
The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in diastole
What is cardiac output?
the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
What is stroke volume?
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle with contraction
What determines cardiac output?
stroke volume and heart rate
What is preload?
the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts, related to ventricular filling,
end diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the ventricle during diastole
What is afterload?
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
How does blood flow through the heart?
Deoxygenated venous blood → Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid
(AV) →Empties into R. Ventricle (& it contracts) → Blood ejected through
