BIO 592: HORMONES: FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
What are the actions of progesterone? -- Answer ✔✔ blocks release of pre-ovulatory
GnRH and gonadotropin surges during pregnancy, prepares reproductive tract for
implantation of a fertilized egg (stimulates endometrial growth and development),
maintains pregnancy
How is progesterone regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) secreted in luteal phase of menstrual
cycle, stimulated by LH/FSH surges shortly after ovulation
2) inhibited when corpus luteum degenerates when the egg is not fertilized
What are the actions of testosterone? -- Answer ✔✔ induces production of male
reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics, organizational effects on male
brain development, acts with ABP to produce sperm, increases muscle growth, can lead
to aggression
How is testosterone regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) stimulated in response to LH, and
negative feedback then reduces its secretion
2) controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis)
, What are the actions of cortisol? -- Answer ✔✔ stimulates lipolysis and protein
degradation to produce glucose, catabolic on muscle/fat, anti-inflammatory and
suppresses immune system at high levels, lactogenic (required along with PRL), needed
for catecholamine synthesis, needed for GI/lung development, maintains brain
structure/function, seawater adaptation in fish
How is cortisol regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) ACTH increases cortisol synthesis
2) stress induces CRH and ACTH secretion to increase cortisol levels
3) immune system and inflammation stimulate cortisol secretion
What are the actions of aldosterone? -- Answer ✔✔ increases sodium absorption by the
distal tubule, leading to increased sodium levels and water reabsorption, which increases
blood volume and BP; potassium and protons are passively moved out of the plasm in
exchange for sodium
How is aldosterone regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ hyponatremia, hypovolemia,
norepinephrine, and hypotension stimulate angiotensin II, which stimulates aldosterone
What are the actions of MSH? -- Answer ✔✔ skin pigmentation, dispersion of melanin,
inhibition of feeding by acting through MC4R
How is MSH regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) hypothalamic regulation
2) background color
What are the actions of GnRH? -- Answer ✔✔ stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from
the anterior pituitary
WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
What are the actions of progesterone? -- Answer ✔✔ blocks release of pre-ovulatory
GnRH and gonadotropin surges during pregnancy, prepares reproductive tract for
implantation of a fertilized egg (stimulates endometrial growth and development),
maintains pregnancy
How is progesterone regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) secreted in luteal phase of menstrual
cycle, stimulated by LH/FSH surges shortly after ovulation
2) inhibited when corpus luteum degenerates when the egg is not fertilized
What are the actions of testosterone? -- Answer ✔✔ induces production of male
reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics, organizational effects on male
brain development, acts with ABP to produce sperm, increases muscle growth, can lead
to aggression
How is testosterone regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) stimulated in response to LH, and
negative feedback then reduces its secretion
2) controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis)
, What are the actions of cortisol? -- Answer ✔✔ stimulates lipolysis and protein
degradation to produce glucose, catabolic on muscle/fat, anti-inflammatory and
suppresses immune system at high levels, lactogenic (required along with PRL), needed
for catecholamine synthesis, needed for GI/lung development, maintains brain
structure/function, seawater adaptation in fish
How is cortisol regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) ACTH increases cortisol synthesis
2) stress induces CRH and ACTH secretion to increase cortisol levels
3) immune system and inflammation stimulate cortisol secretion
What are the actions of aldosterone? -- Answer ✔✔ increases sodium absorption by the
distal tubule, leading to increased sodium levels and water reabsorption, which increases
blood volume and BP; potassium and protons are passively moved out of the plasm in
exchange for sodium
How is aldosterone regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ hyponatremia, hypovolemia,
norepinephrine, and hypotension stimulate angiotensin II, which stimulates aldosterone
What are the actions of MSH? -- Answer ✔✔ skin pigmentation, dispersion of melanin,
inhibition of feeding by acting through MC4R
How is MSH regulated? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) hypothalamic regulation
2) background color
What are the actions of GnRH? -- Answer ✔✔ stimulates secretion of FSH and LH from
the anterior pituitary
