ASU Bio 181 Esqueda Exam 2 Questions And And Answers Verified Solutions

ASU Bio 181 Esqueda Exam 2 Questions And And Answers Verified Solutions Receptor proteins - ANSWER Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells. Responding cell - ANSWER the cell that receives information from the signaling molecule Receptor activation - ANSWER single binds to a receptor which is then activated Cell surface receptor - ANSWER polar signaling molecule (cannot cross plasma membrane), extracellular domain Intracellular receptors - ANSWER small, non polar signaling molecules (can pass through the membrane and activate cytoplasmic receptors) Single transduction - ANSWER "chain reaction" that is set off by the activation of the receptor Phosphorylation - ANSWER the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule Second messengers - ANSWER relay signals received by cell-surface receptors Signaling response - ANSWER cell responds and something changes within the cell Signal termination - ANSWER the response is terminated so a new signal can be received Uracil - ANSWER replaces thymine in RNA Structure of DNA - ANSWER double helix Pyramide bases - ANSWER Cytosine and Thymine Pruine bases - ANSWER Adenine and Guanine DNA reads from - ANSWER 5' to 3' Prokaryotic DNA - ANSWER circular, does not have histones Eukaryotic DNA - ANSWER Linear chromosomes within the nucleus. G1 phase - ANSWER Cell growth S phase - ANSWER DNA replication G2 phase - ANSWER Growth and preparation for cell division M phase - ANSWER mitosis Conservative replication - ANSWER DNA molecule would get copies and make a new second complete molecule Semi-conservative replication - ANSWER each DNA strand separates and serves as a template for a new strand Dispersive replication - ANSWER DNA molecule would get cut into pieces then after being copies these pieces are incorporated into two new DNA molecules DNA replicated is - ANSWER semi conservative Leading strand - ANSWER The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction. Lagging strand - ANSWER The strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections called Okazaki fragments Okazaki fragments - ANSWER Short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication. DNA polymerease - ANSWER what catalyzes DNA growth Topoisomerase - ANSWER breaks down the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides to release stress on double helix when unwinding Helicase - ANSWER separates the strands of DNA by breaking down hydrogen bonds between the bases Single strand binding proteins - ANSWER bind to single stranded DNA regions to prevent the template from reforming the double helix RNA primer - ANSWER begins synthesis on a new strand of DNA DNA polymerase I - ANSWER removes sections of RNA primer and replaces with DNA nucleotides, can only bind to the 3' end of EXISTING DNA STRAND DNA ligase - ANSWER joins DNA fragments in the lagging strand, covalently links replicating DNA in chromosomes Origin of replication - ANSWER each point at which DNA synthesis is initiated Origin of replication in prokaryotes - ANSWER one per chromosome Origin of replication in eukaryotes - ANSWER multiple origins because DNA replication happens spontaneously DNA replication in prokaryotes - ANSWER origin of replication is identified, helicase opens replication fork proteins coat DNA round the fork to prevent rewind, topoisomerase binds to prevent supercoiling, primate synthesizes RNA primers to complementary strand, DNA pol 3 elongates the leading strand, RNA primers removed by DNA pol 1, fragments are sealed by ligase Telomere - ANSWER end of a eukaryotic chromosome capped by repeating sequence Silent mutations - ANSWER Is when a mutation is there, but does not change the normal gene function. Nonsense mutation - ANSWER change the codon to result in the change of an amino acid in the protein primary structure Nonsense (stop) mutation - ANSWER change the codon to a stop codon premature ending the primary structure of a protein