Cell Physiology (2025) Actual Exam
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Define .the .basic .structural .and .functional .unit .of .life .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cell
All .living .organism .are .composed .of .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cells
How .many .cells .are .in .the .human .body? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-50 .to .100 .trillion
What .are .the .three .main .regions .of .the .cell? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Plasma
.Membrane, .Cytoplasm, .Nucleus
What .is .the .thin .and .flexible .membrane .of .the .cell .which .separates .the
.intracellular .from .extracellular .fluid? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Plasma .Membrane
What .is .another .name .for .the .Plasma .Membrane .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
plasmalemma
What .are .three .things .the .membrane .is .composed .of .and .what .is .embedded .in
.the .membrane? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Double .layer .of .lipids; .phospholipids,
.cholesterol, .glycolipids; .proteins .are .embedded
What .is .the .most .abundant .lipid .in .the .plasma .membrane? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-phospholipids
The .heads .of .phospoholipids .are .(Hydrophilic/hydrophobic) .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Hydrophilic
The .tails .of .phospholipids .are .(Hydrophilic/hydrophobic) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Hydrophobic
What .are .the .two .types .of .membrane .proteins? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Integral
.and .Peripheral
What .are .the .most .abundant .proteins .in .the .membrane? .(Most .are
.transmembrane .but .some .protrude .from .one .side .of .the .membrane) .could .act
.as .a .receptor. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Integral .Proteins
What .proteins .are .mostly .on .the .cytoplasmic .side .and .support .that .side .by .a
.network .of .filaments? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Peripheral .Proteins
,What .is .a .short .chain .of .carbohydrates .(sugars) .projected .out .from .the .external
.surface .of .glycoproteins .or .glycolipids .called? .what .is .its .function? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Glycocalyx .(Cell .Coat); .functions .in .cell .to .cell .binding
.and .recognition
What .cells .produce .Glycocalyx? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Corneal .epithelial
.surface .cells
Three .functions .of .the .Plasma .Membrane .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .Barrier
.against .substances .and .forces .outside .cell
2. .externally-facing .proteins .act .as .receptors .and .in .cell .to .cell .recognition
3. .Acts .in .transport .of .substances .into .or .out .of .cell
What .type .of .barrier .is .the .membrane .considered? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Selective .permeable
What .is .the .Passive .Process .of .movement? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Substances
.can .pass .freely .through .the .lipid .bilayer .down .their .concentration .gradient. .No
.ATP .needed
What .is .Diffusion? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Movement .of .small .uncharged
.molecules .like .oxygen, .CO2, .and .fat .soluble .molecules .across .the .membrane
What .is .the .Active .Process .of .Movement? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Substances
.move .against .their .concentration .gradient .from .a .lower .to .higher
.concentration. .ATP .is .needed
What .is .Active .Transport? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Most .larger .water .soluble .or
.charged .molecules, .such .as .glucose, .amino .acids, .and .ions .are .transported .by
.a .pump .or .carrier .and .involve .the .integral .proteins
What .is .Vesicular .or .Bulk .Transport? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Large .particles .and
.macromolecules .pass .through .the .membrane .by .this .mechanism.
What .are .the .two .types .of .Bulk .Transport? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Exocytosis
.and .Endocytosis
What .is .Exocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Membrane-lined .cytoplasmic
.vesicles .fuse .with .the .plasma .membrane .and .release .their .contents .to .the
.outside .of .the .cell.
What .is .an .example .of .Exocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Mucus .and .Protein
.secretions .from .the .glands .in .the .body
What .is .Endocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Brings .large .molecules .into .the
.cell, .through .an .initial .infolding .part .of .the .plasma .membrane .that .encloses
.them .to .form .cytoplasmic .vesicles. .Clathrin .Protein, .found .on .the .cytoplasmic
.side .of .the .infolding, .is .responsible .for .deforming .the .membrane.
, What .are .the .three .types .of .Endocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Phagocytosis,
.Pinocytosis, .and .Recptor-Mediated .Endocytosis
What .is .Phagocytosis? .(AKA .Cell .Eating) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .type .of
.Endocytosis .where .parts .of .plasma .membrane .form .pseudopodes .and .flow
.around .large .molecules .such .as .bacteria .or .cellular .debris .and .engulf .it. .By
.this .way, .a .membranous .vesicle, .called .a .phagosome .is .formed.
What .is .the .function .of .the .Phagosome .formed .during .Phagocytosis? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Phagosomes .mostly .fuse .to .the .lysosomes .for .enzymatic
.breakdown .of .phagosomal .contents. .White .Blood .Cells .typify .such
.phagocytotic .activity.
What .is .Pinocytosis? .(AKA .Cell .Drinking) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pinocytosis .is
.fluid .phase .endocytosis, .where .a .small .infolding .of .the .plasma .membrane
.surrounds .a .small .quantity .of .ECF .containing .dissolved .molecules. .This .is .the
.primary .function .of .cells .lining .the .small .intestine, .absorption .of .the .nutrients.
What .is .Receptor-Mediated .Endocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Receptor-
Mediated .Endocytosis .is .a .selective .mechanism. .Specific .molecules .such .as
.insulin .and .other .hormones, .enzymes, .and .LDLs .are .brought .into .the .cells .by
.first .attaching .to .a .receptor .on .the .membrane .before .being .taken .into .the .cells
.in .a .protein .coated .vesicle. .Contents .are .then .released .by .binding .to
.lysosomes .and .the .receptors .are .recycled .back .into .the .plasma .membrane.
.Viruses .and .some .toxins .use .the .same .mechanism .to .enter .cells.
What .are .LDLs? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Low .Density .Lipoproteins: .Molecules
.that .carry .cholesterol .in .the .blood .to .the .body's .cells
What .is .Familial .Hypercholesterolemia? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-An .inherited
.disease .in .which .the .cells .lack .the .receptors .that .bind .cholesterol .binding
.LDLs. .
As .a .result, .cholesterol .cannot .enter .the .cells .and .builds .up .in .the .blood,
.causing .hypercholesterolemia .and .atherosclerosis .which .leads .to .stroke .or
.myocardial .infarction.
What .is .the .Cytoplasm? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cytoplasm .is .the .cellular .region
.between .the .nucleus .and .the .membrane
What .does .the .Cytoplasm .consist .of? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cytosol, .or
.cytoplasmic .matrix .which .is .a .viscous .fluid .containing .water, .ions, .and
.enzymes, .inclusions .containing .stored .nutrients .and .pigments .and .organelles.
What .are .Ribosomes? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Dark .staining .granules .with .no
.membrane. .Ribosomes .are .the .site .of .protein .production.
What .are .the .two .subunits .of .Ribosomes? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Protein .and
.Ribosomal .RNA .(rRNA, .ribonucleic .acid)
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Define .the .basic .structural .and .functional .unit .of .life .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cell
All .living .organism .are .composed .of .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cells
How .many .cells .are .in .the .human .body? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-50 .to .100 .trillion
What .are .the .three .main .regions .of .the .cell? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Plasma
.Membrane, .Cytoplasm, .Nucleus
What .is .the .thin .and .flexible .membrane .of .the .cell .which .separates .the
.intracellular .from .extracellular .fluid? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Plasma .Membrane
What .is .another .name .for .the .Plasma .Membrane .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
plasmalemma
What .are .three .things .the .membrane .is .composed .of .and .what .is .embedded .in
.the .membrane? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Double .layer .of .lipids; .phospholipids,
.cholesterol, .glycolipids; .proteins .are .embedded
What .is .the .most .abundant .lipid .in .the .plasma .membrane? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-phospholipids
The .heads .of .phospoholipids .are .(Hydrophilic/hydrophobic) .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Hydrophilic
The .tails .of .phospholipids .are .(Hydrophilic/hydrophobic) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Hydrophobic
What .are .the .two .types .of .membrane .proteins? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Integral
.and .Peripheral
What .are .the .most .abundant .proteins .in .the .membrane? .(Most .are
.transmembrane .but .some .protrude .from .one .side .of .the .membrane) .could .act
.as .a .receptor. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Integral .Proteins
What .proteins .are .mostly .on .the .cytoplasmic .side .and .support .that .side .by .a
.network .of .filaments? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Peripheral .Proteins
,What .is .a .short .chain .of .carbohydrates .(sugars) .projected .out .from .the .external
.surface .of .glycoproteins .or .glycolipids .called? .what .is .its .function? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Glycocalyx .(Cell .Coat); .functions .in .cell .to .cell .binding
.and .recognition
What .cells .produce .Glycocalyx? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Corneal .epithelial
.surface .cells
Three .functions .of .the .Plasma .Membrane .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .Barrier
.against .substances .and .forces .outside .cell
2. .externally-facing .proteins .act .as .receptors .and .in .cell .to .cell .recognition
3. .Acts .in .transport .of .substances .into .or .out .of .cell
What .type .of .barrier .is .the .membrane .considered? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Selective .permeable
What .is .the .Passive .Process .of .movement? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Substances
.can .pass .freely .through .the .lipid .bilayer .down .their .concentration .gradient. .No
.ATP .needed
What .is .Diffusion? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Movement .of .small .uncharged
.molecules .like .oxygen, .CO2, .and .fat .soluble .molecules .across .the .membrane
What .is .the .Active .Process .of .Movement? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Substances
.move .against .their .concentration .gradient .from .a .lower .to .higher
.concentration. .ATP .is .needed
What .is .Active .Transport? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Most .larger .water .soluble .or
.charged .molecules, .such .as .glucose, .amino .acids, .and .ions .are .transported .by
.a .pump .or .carrier .and .involve .the .integral .proteins
What .is .Vesicular .or .Bulk .Transport? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Large .particles .and
.macromolecules .pass .through .the .membrane .by .this .mechanism.
What .are .the .two .types .of .Bulk .Transport? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Exocytosis
.and .Endocytosis
What .is .Exocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Membrane-lined .cytoplasmic
.vesicles .fuse .with .the .plasma .membrane .and .release .their .contents .to .the
.outside .of .the .cell.
What .is .an .example .of .Exocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Mucus .and .Protein
.secretions .from .the .glands .in .the .body
What .is .Endocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Brings .large .molecules .into .the
.cell, .through .an .initial .infolding .part .of .the .plasma .membrane .that .encloses
.them .to .form .cytoplasmic .vesicles. .Clathrin .Protein, .found .on .the .cytoplasmic
.side .of .the .infolding, .is .responsible .for .deforming .the .membrane.
, What .are .the .three .types .of .Endocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Phagocytosis,
.Pinocytosis, .and .Recptor-Mediated .Endocytosis
What .is .Phagocytosis? .(AKA .Cell .Eating) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-A .type .of
.Endocytosis .where .parts .of .plasma .membrane .form .pseudopodes .and .flow
.around .large .molecules .such .as .bacteria .or .cellular .debris .and .engulf .it. .By
.this .way, .a .membranous .vesicle, .called .a .phagosome .is .formed.
What .is .the .function .of .the .Phagosome .formed .during .Phagocytosis? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Phagosomes .mostly .fuse .to .the .lysosomes .for .enzymatic
.breakdown .of .phagosomal .contents. .White .Blood .Cells .typify .such
.phagocytotic .activity.
What .is .Pinocytosis? .(AKA .Cell .Drinking) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pinocytosis .is
.fluid .phase .endocytosis, .where .a .small .infolding .of .the .plasma .membrane
.surrounds .a .small .quantity .of .ECF .containing .dissolved .molecules. .This .is .the
.primary .function .of .cells .lining .the .small .intestine, .absorption .of .the .nutrients.
What .is .Receptor-Mediated .Endocytosis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Receptor-
Mediated .Endocytosis .is .a .selective .mechanism. .Specific .molecules .such .as
.insulin .and .other .hormones, .enzymes, .and .LDLs .are .brought .into .the .cells .by
.first .attaching .to .a .receptor .on .the .membrane .before .being .taken .into .the .cells
.in .a .protein .coated .vesicle. .Contents .are .then .released .by .binding .to
.lysosomes .and .the .receptors .are .recycled .back .into .the .plasma .membrane.
.Viruses .and .some .toxins .use .the .same .mechanism .to .enter .cells.
What .are .LDLs? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Low .Density .Lipoproteins: .Molecules
.that .carry .cholesterol .in .the .blood .to .the .body's .cells
What .is .Familial .Hypercholesterolemia? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-An .inherited
.disease .in .which .the .cells .lack .the .receptors .that .bind .cholesterol .binding
.LDLs. .
As .a .result, .cholesterol .cannot .enter .the .cells .and .builds .up .in .the .blood,
.causing .hypercholesterolemia .and .atherosclerosis .which .leads .to .stroke .or
.myocardial .infarction.
What .is .the .Cytoplasm? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cytoplasm .is .the .cellular .region
.between .the .nucleus .and .the .membrane
What .does .the .Cytoplasm .consist .of? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Cytosol, .or
.cytoplasmic .matrix .which .is .a .viscous .fluid .containing .water, .ions, .and
.enzymes, .inclusions .containing .stored .nutrients .and .pigments .and .organelles.
What .are .Ribosomes? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Dark .staining .granules .with .no
.membrane. .Ribosomes .are .the .site .of .protein .production.
What .are .the .two .subunits .of .Ribosomes? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Protein .and
.Ribosomal .RNA .(rRNA, .ribonucleic .acid)
