NIU NURS 308- Exam #2 Questions Answered Correctly Graded A+
What is the etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answers Inflammatory autoimmune joint disorder. More
in women around 40-50 yrs old. They have antibodies against the IgG fragments= the body is fighting its
own joints= inflammation.
Rx= treat pain, treat symptoms of stiffness swelling. maintain mobility, physical rest and therapeutic
exercises.
Can give immunosuppresent drugs.
Real stages of Alzheimer's - Answers 1- Early- measurable short term memory loss, mild ADL problems
2- Middle- moderate to severe cognitive issues, ADL- dependent
3- late- little cognitive ability, ADL depndent, incontinent
4- end- no significant cognitive function, nonambulatory, bed bound, unable to eat
What are fusiform muscles? - Answers long, strap shaped muscles that go from joint to joint, like the
bicep.
What are pennate muscles? - Answers broad, flat, oblique fibers, they are thinner, so like the deltoid.
How does muscle and fat mass change over a life? - Answers Usually after 50, your muscle mass
decreases about 1/2 of a pound a year, and Increases by 1 lbs of fat a year.
How does a fracture manifest? - Answers localized shock/ numbness
Who is it hardest to get a pain assessment from? - Answers kids and the elderly
What are the risk factors for gout? - Answers ****** Begins with purines and then the crystalize into
uric acid. So a diet high in purines will increase your chances of getting gout*****
Other than that, bear drinking, dehydration, diet high in purines, eat less red meat, lower fructose
intake, don't do drugs
What is the first stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers Inflammation/hematoma formation- which
is when the break right away fills with a fibrin network, and fills with blood.
What is the second stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers Procallus formation- cells grow along the
fibrin meshwork in order to begin to form new tissue
,What is the third stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers callus formation- calcium salts will be
deposited into the new tissue to give the bone some structure while it is healing
What is the fourth stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers callus replacement- the old calcium salts
start to grow into new regular bone cells
What is the fifth stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers Remodeling- all of the new tissue is
remodeled into bone- this can even take a few years depending on the severity of the break.
What is the role of the dura mater? - Answers It is the outer covering of the brain and the spinal cord, it
is very thick and tough
What is the role of the arachnoid mater? - Answers the middle layer, which is named for its spider web-
like appearence
What is the role of the pia mater? - Answers it sticks on the brain, the innermost layer, holds all of the
capillaries that nourish the brain.
How do you assess pain? - Answers You have to agree with what the patient says, you want to assess
When it started
what type of pain it is (stabbing, burning)
See if they can point to it (localization)
if it radiates
the intensity of the pain (on 1-10)
The quality of the pain
If there is a pattern to it (worse at night or in the AM)
Does anything make it better? Worse?
What electrolyte plays the biggest role in muscle contraction? - Answers Calcium plays the biggest role
in muscle contraction
What is the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis? - Answers People with MS have problems with nerve
conduction because they don't have enough myelin in their axons.
If you were to restore the myelin, they wouldn't have any problems anymore. It is an autoimmune
disorder where the own body attacks the myelin sheaths
What is the pathophysiology of ALS? - Answers ALS or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or lou gehrig's
disease, this involves damage to the upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, and the lower motor
, neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord. The sensory neurons, cognitive function, and cranial nerves 3,
4, and 6 are not affected.
** The nerves lose their function to trigger muscle movement, which results in muscle weakness,
disability, and eventually death (fairly quickly), because lungs and heart quit working.
What is the difference between a migraine with an aura and one without it? - Answers An aura is like
when something happens that you know the migraine is coming, like a smell or a sight or something like
that
What is disuse atrophy? - Answers Is when you don't ever use a muscle, or a bone so it begins to stop
working, happens most commonly with the elderly or people with paralysis.
What are the different types of joints? - Answers Synarthroses- little to no movement
Diarthroses- highly mobile
What is the etiology of conjunctivitis? - Answers An inflammation of the conjuctiva. Highly contagious
eye disease. can be viral, bacterial, allergy related (will usually be in both eyes), from chemicals, or other
irritants.
S&S- redness, foreign body sensation, burning, itching, photophobia, drainage
mucopurulent=bacterial
unilateral= foreign body/ irritant
Open angle glaucoma vs. Closed angle glaucoma - Answers Open- the iridocorneal angle remains open.
this is a gradual build up of aqueous humor, usually just it's not getting absorbed as fast as it should be.
it will cause progressive damage to the optic nerve and visual field loss if not treated correctly.
Closed- the iris is displaced forward. OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY usually due to iris thickening caused by
prolonged pupil dilation, angle is closed, so aqueous humor cant flow back into meshwork. RAPID build
up of fluid.
What are the risk factors for macular degeneration? - Answers The risks are being female, white, and if
you smoke.
Age related MD is a major cause of blindness in the elderly
Won't get better, caused by aging.
dry- degeneration of retinal cells
What is the etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answers Inflammatory autoimmune joint disorder. More
in women around 40-50 yrs old. They have antibodies against the IgG fragments= the body is fighting its
own joints= inflammation.
Rx= treat pain, treat symptoms of stiffness swelling. maintain mobility, physical rest and therapeutic
exercises.
Can give immunosuppresent drugs.
Real stages of Alzheimer's - Answers 1- Early- measurable short term memory loss, mild ADL problems
2- Middle- moderate to severe cognitive issues, ADL- dependent
3- late- little cognitive ability, ADL depndent, incontinent
4- end- no significant cognitive function, nonambulatory, bed bound, unable to eat
What are fusiform muscles? - Answers long, strap shaped muscles that go from joint to joint, like the
bicep.
What are pennate muscles? - Answers broad, flat, oblique fibers, they are thinner, so like the deltoid.
How does muscle and fat mass change over a life? - Answers Usually after 50, your muscle mass
decreases about 1/2 of a pound a year, and Increases by 1 lbs of fat a year.
How does a fracture manifest? - Answers localized shock/ numbness
Who is it hardest to get a pain assessment from? - Answers kids and the elderly
What are the risk factors for gout? - Answers ****** Begins with purines and then the crystalize into
uric acid. So a diet high in purines will increase your chances of getting gout*****
Other than that, bear drinking, dehydration, diet high in purines, eat less red meat, lower fructose
intake, don't do drugs
What is the first stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers Inflammation/hematoma formation- which
is when the break right away fills with a fibrin network, and fills with blood.
What is the second stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers Procallus formation- cells grow along the
fibrin meshwork in order to begin to form new tissue
,What is the third stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers callus formation- calcium salts will be
deposited into the new tissue to give the bone some structure while it is healing
What is the fourth stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers callus replacement- the old calcium salts
start to grow into new regular bone cells
What is the fifth stage of a bone fracture healing? - Answers Remodeling- all of the new tissue is
remodeled into bone- this can even take a few years depending on the severity of the break.
What is the role of the dura mater? - Answers It is the outer covering of the brain and the spinal cord, it
is very thick and tough
What is the role of the arachnoid mater? - Answers the middle layer, which is named for its spider web-
like appearence
What is the role of the pia mater? - Answers it sticks on the brain, the innermost layer, holds all of the
capillaries that nourish the brain.
How do you assess pain? - Answers You have to agree with what the patient says, you want to assess
When it started
what type of pain it is (stabbing, burning)
See if they can point to it (localization)
if it radiates
the intensity of the pain (on 1-10)
The quality of the pain
If there is a pattern to it (worse at night or in the AM)
Does anything make it better? Worse?
What electrolyte plays the biggest role in muscle contraction? - Answers Calcium plays the biggest role
in muscle contraction
What is the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis? - Answers People with MS have problems with nerve
conduction because they don't have enough myelin in their axons.
If you were to restore the myelin, they wouldn't have any problems anymore. It is an autoimmune
disorder where the own body attacks the myelin sheaths
What is the pathophysiology of ALS? - Answers ALS or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or lou gehrig's
disease, this involves damage to the upper motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, and the lower motor
, neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord. The sensory neurons, cognitive function, and cranial nerves 3,
4, and 6 are not affected.
** The nerves lose their function to trigger muscle movement, which results in muscle weakness,
disability, and eventually death (fairly quickly), because lungs and heart quit working.
What is the difference between a migraine with an aura and one without it? - Answers An aura is like
when something happens that you know the migraine is coming, like a smell or a sight or something like
that
What is disuse atrophy? - Answers Is when you don't ever use a muscle, or a bone so it begins to stop
working, happens most commonly with the elderly or people with paralysis.
What are the different types of joints? - Answers Synarthroses- little to no movement
Diarthroses- highly mobile
What is the etiology of conjunctivitis? - Answers An inflammation of the conjuctiva. Highly contagious
eye disease. can be viral, bacterial, allergy related (will usually be in both eyes), from chemicals, or other
irritants.
S&S- redness, foreign body sensation, burning, itching, photophobia, drainage
mucopurulent=bacterial
unilateral= foreign body/ irritant
Open angle glaucoma vs. Closed angle glaucoma - Answers Open- the iridocorneal angle remains open.
this is a gradual build up of aqueous humor, usually just it's not getting absorbed as fast as it should be.
it will cause progressive damage to the optic nerve and visual field loss if not treated correctly.
Closed- the iris is displaced forward. OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY usually due to iris thickening caused by
prolonged pupil dilation, angle is closed, so aqueous humor cant flow back into meshwork. RAPID build
up of fluid.
What are the risk factors for macular degeneration? - Answers The risks are being female, white, and if
you smoke.
Age related MD is a major cause of blindness in the elderly
Won't get better, caused by aging.
dry- degeneration of retinal cells
