N3280 Final – A+ Graded Exam | Covers Safety,
Prioritization, and Critical Thinking, Patient Care,
Ethics, and Clinical Decision-Making
calcium function - ✔✔nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption
magnesium function - ✔✔metabolism of carbs and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes
chloride function - ✔✔maintains osmotic pressure in blood and produces hydrochloric acid
bicarbonate function - ✔✔body's primary buffer system
phosphate function - ✔✔involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division,
and hereditary traits
Normal sodium levels - ✔✔125-145 mEq/L
clinical manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔confusion, low BP, edema, muscle cramps,
weakness,
clinical manifestations of hypernatremia - ✔✔restlessness, weakness, disorientation,
delusion, hallucinations
Normal potassium level - ✔✔3.5-5.0 mEq/L
clinical manifestations of hypokalemia - ✔✔muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, leg
cramps, fatigue. Skeletal muscles are the first sign
clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia - ✔✔muscle paralysis, cardiac irregularities/arrest
,Calcium - ✔✔most abundant electrolyte in the body, plays a role in clotting cascade, regulates
nerve transmission and muscle relaxation/contraction
normal calcium level - ✔✔8.6-10 mg/dL
clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia - ✔✔numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth or feet,
tetany of muscles
clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia - ✔✔nausea/vomiting, constipation, bone pain,
excessive urination, slurred speech, confusion, lethargy
normal magnesium level - ✔✔1.3-2.3 mEq/L
magnesium - ✔✔metabolism of carbs, neuromuscular function, most abundant intracellular
cation after KCL
Hypomagnesemia - ✔✔muscle weakness, heart block, confusion, respiratory paralysis, can
be lost through NGT suction, diarrhea, alcohol withdraw, sepsis, or burns
Hypermagnesemia - ✔✔occurs with renal failure or from excessive intake.
Flushing, lethargy, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest
normal phosphorus level - ✔✔2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Hypophsphatemia - ✔✔caused by alcohol withdrawal, DKA, absorption problems and diuretic
use. Signs and symptoms are fatigue, weakness, paresthesia, confusion, coma
Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔causes are usually kidney disease or hypoparathyroidism
Phosphorus greater than 4.5 mg/dL
, Normal chloride level - ✔✔97-107 mEq/L
phosphorus - ✔✔critical in all body tissues by promoting energy storage. essential in carb,
protein, and fat metabolism
chloride - ✔✔major component of interstitial and lymph fluid, pancreatic juices, and saliva
hypochloremia - ✔✔caused from severe vomiting and diarrhea, gastric fluid
drainage/suction, and diuretic therapy
hyperchloremia - ✔✔caused from excessive perspiration, kidney disease, and decreased
filtration. level greater than 107 mEq/L
Buffer systems - ✔✔carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
Normal pH of arterial blood - ✔✔7.35-7.45
What does the number H+ ions determine? - ✔✔the H+ ions determine the acidity or
alkalinity of body fluids
System of buffers - 1st responders (acid-base regulation) - ✔✔carbonic acid-sodium
bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate, and hemoglobin
respiratory system (acid-base regulation) - ✔✔works immediately but is not very efficient in
acid-base regulation
Renal regulation (acid-base regulation) - ✔✔may start working within hours to days and is
extremely efficient, but does not work fast enough
Normal CO2 range - ✔✔35-45 mmHg
Prioritization, and Critical Thinking, Patient Care,
Ethics, and Clinical Decision-Making
calcium function - ✔✔nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption
magnesium function - ✔✔metabolism of carbs and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes
chloride function - ✔✔maintains osmotic pressure in blood and produces hydrochloric acid
bicarbonate function - ✔✔body's primary buffer system
phosphate function - ✔✔involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division,
and hereditary traits
Normal sodium levels - ✔✔125-145 mEq/L
clinical manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔confusion, low BP, edema, muscle cramps,
weakness,
clinical manifestations of hypernatremia - ✔✔restlessness, weakness, disorientation,
delusion, hallucinations
Normal potassium level - ✔✔3.5-5.0 mEq/L
clinical manifestations of hypokalemia - ✔✔muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, leg
cramps, fatigue. Skeletal muscles are the first sign
clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia - ✔✔muscle paralysis, cardiac irregularities/arrest
,Calcium - ✔✔most abundant electrolyte in the body, plays a role in clotting cascade, regulates
nerve transmission and muscle relaxation/contraction
normal calcium level - ✔✔8.6-10 mg/dL
clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia - ✔✔numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth or feet,
tetany of muscles
clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia - ✔✔nausea/vomiting, constipation, bone pain,
excessive urination, slurred speech, confusion, lethargy
normal magnesium level - ✔✔1.3-2.3 mEq/L
magnesium - ✔✔metabolism of carbs, neuromuscular function, most abundant intracellular
cation after KCL
Hypomagnesemia - ✔✔muscle weakness, heart block, confusion, respiratory paralysis, can
be lost through NGT suction, diarrhea, alcohol withdraw, sepsis, or burns
Hypermagnesemia - ✔✔occurs with renal failure or from excessive intake.
Flushing, lethargy, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest
normal phosphorus level - ✔✔2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Hypophsphatemia - ✔✔caused by alcohol withdrawal, DKA, absorption problems and diuretic
use. Signs and symptoms are fatigue, weakness, paresthesia, confusion, coma
Hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔causes are usually kidney disease or hypoparathyroidism
Phosphorus greater than 4.5 mg/dL
, Normal chloride level - ✔✔97-107 mEq/L
phosphorus - ✔✔critical in all body tissues by promoting energy storage. essential in carb,
protein, and fat metabolism
chloride - ✔✔major component of interstitial and lymph fluid, pancreatic juices, and saliva
hypochloremia - ✔✔caused from severe vomiting and diarrhea, gastric fluid
drainage/suction, and diuretic therapy
hyperchloremia - ✔✔caused from excessive perspiration, kidney disease, and decreased
filtration. level greater than 107 mEq/L
Buffer systems - ✔✔carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
Normal pH of arterial blood - ✔✔7.35-7.45
What does the number H+ ions determine? - ✔✔the H+ ions determine the acidity or
alkalinity of body fluids
System of buffers - 1st responders (acid-base regulation) - ✔✔carbonic acid-sodium
bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate, and hemoglobin
respiratory system (acid-base regulation) - ✔✔works immediately but is not very efficient in
acid-base regulation
Renal regulation (acid-base regulation) - ✔✔may start working within hours to days and is
extremely efficient, but does not work fast enough
Normal CO2 range - ✔✔35-45 mmHg
