Neuroscience – Exam 1 | A+ Graded
Questions & Answers | Real Qs from the
Course
Cell layer VI - ✔✔polymorphic layer: sends outputs to thalamus
cell layer organization - ✔✔primary motor cortex has a larger layer V to be able to send output
info; primary visual cortex has a larger layer IV to be able to receive input
Brodmann's areas - ✔✔52 cytoarchitectonic areas assigned a number in order of slide
preparation
Brodmann's areas 4 & 6 - ✔✔precentral gyrus (primary and supplemental motor cortex)
Brodmann's areas 44, 45 - ✔✔Broca's area (inferior frontal gyrus - speech, movement
planning)
Brodmann's areas 3, 1, 2 - ✔✔postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex - touch)
Brodmann's areas 5, 7, 39, 40 - ✔✔sensory association cortex (parietal lobe - sensory)
Brodmann's areas 41, 42 - ✔✔Heschel's gyrus (primary and supplemental auditory cortex -
hearing)
Brodmann's area 22 - ✔✔auditory association cortex (higher order auditory cortex - hearing,
speech)
Brodmann's area 28 - ✔✔parahippocampal gyrus (primary olfactory cortex, limbic association
cortex - smell, emotions)
, Brodmann's areas 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 - ✔✔cingulate gyrus (limbic association cortex -
emotions)
Brodmann's area 17 - ✔✔primary visual cortex (vision)
Brodmann's areas 18, 19 - ✔✔secondary visual cortex (occipital gyri - vision, depth)
corticospinal tract - ✔✔(pyramidal tract) main tract to demand voluntary movement
lesions of coricospinal tract - ✔✔(like PNS) above pyramidal decussation--> contralateral
impairment; below pyramidal decussation--> ipsilateral impairments
UMN - ✔✔motor neurons that project from cortex down to spinal cord or brainstem
LMN - ✔✔located in anterior horn of gray matter of spinal cord or brainstem motor nuclei;
project out of CNS via anterior spinal roots or cranial nerves to muscle cells in periphery (PNS)
impairments of UMN/LMN - ✔✔UMN: spasticity, hyper-refelxia
LMN/PNS: atrophy, low reflexes
cephalic flexure - ✔✔divides brain and brainstem
cervical flexure - ✔✔divides brainstem from spinal cord
sulcus limitans - ✔✔works to divide dorsal from ventral tube
defects during migration stage of development - ✔✔dyslexia, lissencephaly (smooth brain)
cranial nerve development - ✔✔1st: swallow & gag (14 weeks)-->V, VII, IX, X, XII
2nd: visual motor (25 weeks)-->II, III, IV, VI
Questions & Answers | Real Qs from the
Course
Cell layer VI - ✔✔polymorphic layer: sends outputs to thalamus
cell layer organization - ✔✔primary motor cortex has a larger layer V to be able to send output
info; primary visual cortex has a larger layer IV to be able to receive input
Brodmann's areas - ✔✔52 cytoarchitectonic areas assigned a number in order of slide
preparation
Brodmann's areas 4 & 6 - ✔✔precentral gyrus (primary and supplemental motor cortex)
Brodmann's areas 44, 45 - ✔✔Broca's area (inferior frontal gyrus - speech, movement
planning)
Brodmann's areas 3, 1, 2 - ✔✔postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex - touch)
Brodmann's areas 5, 7, 39, 40 - ✔✔sensory association cortex (parietal lobe - sensory)
Brodmann's areas 41, 42 - ✔✔Heschel's gyrus (primary and supplemental auditory cortex -
hearing)
Brodmann's area 22 - ✔✔auditory association cortex (higher order auditory cortex - hearing,
speech)
Brodmann's area 28 - ✔✔parahippocampal gyrus (primary olfactory cortex, limbic association
cortex - smell, emotions)
, Brodmann's areas 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 - ✔✔cingulate gyrus (limbic association cortex -
emotions)
Brodmann's area 17 - ✔✔primary visual cortex (vision)
Brodmann's areas 18, 19 - ✔✔secondary visual cortex (occipital gyri - vision, depth)
corticospinal tract - ✔✔(pyramidal tract) main tract to demand voluntary movement
lesions of coricospinal tract - ✔✔(like PNS) above pyramidal decussation--> contralateral
impairment; below pyramidal decussation--> ipsilateral impairments
UMN - ✔✔motor neurons that project from cortex down to spinal cord or brainstem
LMN - ✔✔located in anterior horn of gray matter of spinal cord or brainstem motor nuclei;
project out of CNS via anterior spinal roots or cranial nerves to muscle cells in periphery (PNS)
impairments of UMN/LMN - ✔✔UMN: spasticity, hyper-refelxia
LMN/PNS: atrophy, low reflexes
cephalic flexure - ✔✔divides brain and brainstem
cervical flexure - ✔✔divides brainstem from spinal cord
sulcus limitans - ✔✔works to divide dorsal from ventral tube
defects during migration stage of development - ✔✔dyslexia, lissencephaly (smooth brain)
cranial nerve development - ✔✔1st: swallow & gag (14 weeks)-->V, VII, IX, X, XII
2nd: visual motor (25 weeks)-->II, III, IV, VI
